Biotechnologies

Educational objectives

Il corso, che prevede una conoscenza almeno di base della lingua inglese, è finalizzato al potenziamento delle principali strutture linguistiche in modo tale da mettere lo studente nella condizione di comprendere agevolmente testi di natura scientifica. Si procederà ad un ripasso e approfondimento delle principali strutture morfosintattiche di livello intermedio (B1), nonché alla lettura e analisi di testi scientifici specifici del settore o di materiali forniti dal docente sui principali ambiti disciplinari affrontati nel corso di studi.

Educational objectives

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the atomic structure
OF 2) Knowing the atomic properties and their periodic behaviour (atomic radius, electronegativity, ionization potential)
OF 3) Knowing the atomic bonds, the structure and nomenclature of inorganic molecules
OF 4) Knowing the thermodinamic principles
OF 5) Understanding the transformation matter equilibria
OF 6) Knowing the acid/base, redox and solubility equilibria

B - Application skills
OF 7) Being able to illustrate the atomic structure
OF 8) Being able to deduce the geometry and the properties of an inorganic molecule and the properties of its acqueous solution
OF 9) Being able to calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases acqueous solutions
OF 10) Being able to calculate the galvanic cell potential
OF 11) Being able to calculate the solubility of different salts
OF 12) Being able to calculate the concentration of products and reactants of acqueous ionic equilibrium reactions

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 13) Being able to evaluate the main properties of a molecule and of its solutions basing on its structure
OF 14) Being able to prepare acid/base solutions with known pH or voltaic cells with known potential
OF 15) Be able to predict the displacement of an ionic equilibrium

D - Communication skills
OF 16) Being able to illustrate atom and matter structure
OF 17) Being able to illustrate the reactions in water of inorganic molecules

E - Ability to learn
OF 18) Having the ability to consult the literature on the topics covered in the course
OF 19) Having the ability to understand a laboratory procedure based on ionic equilibria in acqueous solutions

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student knows the main concepts of organic chemistry needed both for the knowledge of the molecular structure and for the understanding of the reactivity of the main bio-organic compounds (carbohydrates, aminoacids, lipids, nucleotides). Moreover, he or she learns the basic concepts of stereochemistry and reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry.
Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student knows and understands the spatial arrangement of the carbon structures and knows how to name simple molecules according to the IUPAC nomenclature; he or she is able to graphically represent the structures through the most commonly used conventions and assign the absolute configuration to the stereocenters. Furthermore, the student knows the reactivity of the functional groups according to the general scheme of the main reaction mechanisms. For more complex bio-organic structures with multiple functional groups, the student is able to predict their physical and chemical behavior.
Making judgements
At the end of the course the student is able to collect and understand information useful to express a proper independent opinion. In particular, he or she must show a critical and proposing spirit in the discussion of issues inherent to organic molecules and biologically active compounds.
Communication skills
At the end of the course the student has the ability to communicate outward the knowledge he or she has learned during the course, both toward the scientific community and the labor environment. In particular, the student must be able to provide clear and direct information on chemical reactivity, with particular emphasis on natural and bio-organic products.
Learning skills
Given the basic training activity of this course, the student who has passed the exam is able to deepen and expand the knowledge in the field, and to undertake the study of the other basic and characterizing training activities that have been set in the Master degree.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student knows the main concepts of organic chemistry needed both for the knowledge of the molecular structure and for the understanding of the reactivity of the main functional groups. Moreover, he learns the basic concepts of stereochemistry and reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry.
Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student knows and understands the spatial arrangement of the carbon structures and knows how to assign the name to the simplest molecules according to the IUPAC nomenclature; he is able to graphically represent the structures through the most commonly used conventions and assign the absolute configuration to the stereocenters. Furthermore, the student knows the reactivity of the functional groups according to the general scheme of the main reaction mechanisms.
Making judgements
At the end of the course the student is able to collect and understand information useful to express a proper independent opinion. In particular, he must show a critical and proposing spirit in the discussion of issues inherent to organic molecules and biologically active compounds.
Communication skills
At the end of the course the student has the ability to communicate outward the knowledge he has learned during the course, both toward the scientific community and the labor market. In particular, he must be able to provide clear and direct information on chemical reactivity, with particular emphasis to that of the biologically active compounds.
Learning skills
Given the basic training activity of this course, the student who has passed the exam is able to undertake the study of the other basic and characterizing training activities that have been set in the Master degree, as Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

Educational objectives

The Course aims to provide knowledge of the structure and organization of the cell, from prokaryotes to eukaryotic animal and plant cells, as well as understanding the functions aimed at maintaining the homeostasis of the tissue to which it belongs, mentioning what could be the pathological consequences of a malfunction or disregulations of some of these functions.
The student will therefore acquire the basic knowledge on the structure and function of the cell, which will also enable him to understand some basic methods, instruments and procedures used for experimentation in the field.

Educational objectives

General skills
This course concerns the applications of the fundamentals tools of calculus and probability and to the solution of problems emerging within Applied Sciences, with a specific reference to Biotecnology.
The main goal is learning the basic concepts of differential and integral calculus, discrete and continuous probability, as well as their application to biological sciences.
It is assumed that students entering the course know the basics of elementary mathematics from the high school. The fact that students actually have the mentioned pre-knowledge is certified by the entrance test.

The course includes both lectures and exercise sessions, aiming to test the ability of the students to apply the theoretical knowledge to the solution of concrete problems.

Specific skills

A) Knowledge and understanding
• Knowledge and understanding of the concept of limit and of the fundamentals of differential and integral calculus.
• Knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of probability theory.
• Knowledge and understanding of diagnostic tests for the analysis of medical data.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
• Ability to properly use the specific terminology of mathematics and probability.
• Ability to translate a concrete problem, appearing e.g. in the context of Biological Sciences, to a corresponding mathematical problem, by a suitable procedure involving approximation, abstraction, and modeling.
• Ability to use deductive reasoning in an abstract setting.
• Ability to recognize the mathematical tools and concepts appearing within other courses (specifically: Physics, Chemistry, Biology) and to properly use them.
• Ability to find the most convenient procedure to solve simple mathematical problems.

C) Making judgements
• Ability to autonomously formulate examples to mathematical statements.
• Ability to self-questioning.
• Ability to autonomously evaluate the validity of a theoretical model, through suitable probabilistic tests on the empirical data collected in a laboratory.

D) Communication skills
• Ability to communicate what has been learned through written themes.
• Ability to formulate a logically structured speech.

E) Learning skills
• Learning the specific terminology.
• Ability to make the logical connections between the topics covered.
• Ability to identify the most relevant topics in a subject.

Educational objectives

General skills
This course concerns the applications of the fundamentals tools of calculus and probability and to the solution of problems emerging within Applied Sciences, with a specific reference to Biotecnology.
The main goal is learning the basic concepts of differential and integral calculus, discrete and continuous probability, as well as their application to biological sciences.
It is assumed that students entering the course know the basics of elementary mathematics from the high school. The fact that students actually have the mentioned pre-knowledge is certified by the entrance test.

The course includes both lectures and exercise sessions, aiming to test the ability of the students to apply the theoretical knowledge to the solution of concrete problems.

Specific skills

A) Knowledge and understanding
• Knowledge and understanding of the concept of limit and of the fundamentals of differential and integral calculus.
• Knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of probability theory.
• Knowledge and understanding of diagnostic tests for the analysis of medical data.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
• Ability to properly use the specific terminology of mathematics and probability.
• Ability to translate a concrete problem, appearing e.g. in the context of Biological Sciences, to a corresponding mathematical problem, by a suitable procedure involving approximation, abstraction, and modeling.
• Ability to use deductive reasoning in an abstract setting.
• Ability to recognize the mathematical tools and concepts appearing within other courses (specifically: Physics, Chemistry, Biology) and to properly use them.
• Ability to find the most convenient procedure to solve simple mathematical problems.

C) Making judgements
• Ability to autonomously formulate examples to mathematical statements.
• Ability to self-questioning.
• Ability to autonomously evaluate the validity of a theoretical model, through suitable probabilistic tests on the empirical data collected in a laboratory.

D) Communication skills
• Ability to communicate what has been learned through written themes.
• Ability to formulate a logically structured speech.

E) Learning skills
• Learning the specific terminology.
• Ability to make the logical connections between the topics covered.
• Ability to identify the most relevant topics in a subject.

Educational objectives

General skills
This course concerns the applications of the fundamentals tools of calculus and probability and to the solution of problems emerging within Applied Sciences, with a specific reference to Biotecnology.
The main goal is learning the basic concepts of differential and integral calculus, discrete and continuous probability, as well as their application to biological sciences.
It is assumed that students entering the course know the basics of elementary mathematics from the high school. The fact that students actually have the mentioned pre-knowledge is certified by the entrance test.

The course includes both lectures and exercise sessions, aiming to test the ability of the students to apply the theoretical knowledge to the solution of concrete problems.

Specific skills

A) Knowledge and understanding
• Knowledge and understanding of the concept of limit and of the fundamentals of differential and integral calculus.
• Knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of probability theory.
• Knowledge and understanding of diagnostic tests for the analysis of medical data.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
• Ability to properly use the specific terminology of mathematics and probability.
• Ability to translate a concrete problem, appearing e.g. in the context of Biological Sciences, to a corresponding mathematical problem, by a suitable procedure involving approximation, abstraction, and modeling.
• Ability to use deductive reasoning in an abstract setting.
• Ability to recognize the mathematical tools and concepts appearing within other courses (specifically: Physics, Chemistry, Biology) and to properly use them.
• Ability to find the most convenient procedure to solve simple mathematical problems.

C) Making judgements
• Ability to autonomously formulate examples to mathematical statements.
• Ability to self-questioning.
• Ability to autonomously evaluate the validity of a theoretical model, through suitable probabilistic tests on the empirical data collected in a laboratory.

D) Communication skills
• Ability to communicate what has been learned through written themes.
• Ability to formulate a logically structured speech.

E) Learning skills
• Learning the specific terminology.
• Ability to make the logical connections between the topics covered.
• Ability to identify the most relevant topics in a subject.

Educational objectives

The course objective is to provide the basic elements of the general physics and apply them to solve simple problems. The basics of mechanics, dynamics, the concept of energy, fluid statics and dynamics, and thermodynamics will be explained. The basics of electrostatics, circuits and electromagnetism will then be presented.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student knows the main concepts of organic chemistry needed both for the knowledge of the molecular structure and for the understanding of the reactivity of the main bio-organic compounds (carbohydrates, aminoacids, lipids, nucleotides). Moreover, he or she learns the basic concepts of stereochemistry and reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry.
Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student knows and understands the spatial arrangement of the carbon structures and knows how to name simple molecules according to the IUPAC nomenclature; he or she is able to graphically represent the structures through the most commonly used conventions and assign the absolute configuration to the stereocenters. Furthermore, the student knows the reactivity of the functional groups according to the general scheme of the main reaction mechanisms. For more complex bio-organic structures with multiple functional groups, the student is able to predict their physical and chemical behavior.
Making judgements
At the end of the course the student is able to collect and understand information useful to express a proper independent opinion. In particular, he or she must show a critical and proposing spirit in the discussion of issues inherent to organic molecules and biologically active compounds.
Communication skills
At the end of the course the student has the ability to communicate outward the knowledge he or she has learned during the course, both toward the scientific community and the labor environment. In particular, the student must be able to provide clear and direct information on chemical reactivity, with particular emphasis on natural and bio-organic products.
Learning skills
Given the basic training activity of this course, the student who has passed the exam is able to deepen and expand the knowledge in the field, and to undertake the study of the other basic and characterizing training activities that have been set in the Master degree.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding
At the end of course, the student knows the main concepts of organic chemistry needed both for
the knowledge of the molecular structure and for the understanding of the reactivity of the main
functional groups. Moreover, the student learns the basic concepts of stereochemistry and reaction
mechanisms in organic chemistry.

Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of course, the student knows and understand the spatial arrangement of the carbon
structures and knows how to assign the name to the simplest molecules according to the IUPAC
nomenclature; the student can graphically show the structures through the most used conventions
and assign the absolute configuration to the stereocenters. Furthermore, the student knows the
reactivity of the functional groups according to the general scheme of the main reaction
mechanisms.

Making judgements
The student, at the end of course, can collect and understand information useful to express a
proper independent opinion. In particular, he must show a critical and proposing spirit in the
discussion of issues inherent to organic compounds and molecules of biological interest, and their
implications in global health.

Communication skills
The student, at the end of course, has the ability to communicate outward the knowledge he has
learned during the Master degree, both toward the scientific community and the labor market. In
particular, he must be able to provide clear and direct information on chemical reactivity, with
particular emphasis to that of the natural products.

Learning skills
Given the basic training activity of this course, students who have passed the exam are able to
undertake the study of other basic and characterizing training activities that have been set in the
Master degree.

Educational objectives

The course of General microbiology, microbial biotechnology and medical
microbiology elements takes place
in two years (CF totals 12) through the
three modules described above.
The student, through a total of 12 CF, will have to prove that he has acquired
all the knowledge of form,
structure, genetics and physiology of
microorganisms together with their biodiversity and pathogenicity . He will also known the classical techniques and innovative methods of
cultivation, characterization, genetic and counts for
the preparation and improvement of biomass
to be used in various biotechnological processes.

The student will acquire the
knowledge useful to characterize bacterial pathogens including

the various stages of the infectious process and of
the interactions with the host
defense mechanisms.
At the end of the
training process, the student will have to know
the main biotechnological strategies
described in the
related programs.

Educational objectives

The course of General microbiology, microbial biotechnology and medical
microbiology elements takes place
in two years (CF totals 12) through the
three modules described above.
The student, through a total of 12 CF, will have to prove that he has acquired
all the knowledge of form,
structure, genetics and physiology of
microorganisms together with their biodiversity and pathogenicity . He will also known the classical techniques and innovative methods of
cultivation, characterization, genetic and counts for
the preparation and improvement of biomass
to be used in various biotechnological processes.

The student will acquire the
knowledge useful to characterize bacterial pathogens including

the various stages of the infectious process and of
the interactions with the host
defense mechanisms.
At the end of the
training process, the student will have to know
the main biotechnological strategies
described in the
related programs.

Educational objectives

General skills
The course includes two modules: one of Histology and one of Embryology. The main objective of the course is to lead the student to know the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the tissues, correlating the structure to function, and to understand the morphogenic processes through which a body is built during embryogenesis, with a comparative vision to different animal models (mainly vertebrates).

General skills – Module of Histology
The course is focussed on the study of the morpho-functional characteristics of the tissue, and on the general mechanisms regulating their omeostasis.
The objective of the course is to lead the student to understand the structural and ultra-structural organization of cells and tissues and to correlate structure to function. Moreover, to know the methodological and experimental aspects of histology and how to identify and describe the histological structure of a microscope slide. The course requires established knowledge of cell biology, as well as general notions of inorganic and organic chemistry. The course includes lectures integrated with two laboratory sessions, dedicated to the observation and recognition of histological sections of the different tissues.

General skills – Module of Embryology
The course is focused on the study of embryology and the different phases of embryogenesis and on the gametogenesis and fertilization processes. The main aim of the course is to acquire the basic knowledge of the various phases of embryogenesis with a comparative view on different animal models (mainly vertebrates), of the maturation of gametes and the mechanisms of fertilization. The course requires established knowledge of cell biology. The course includes lectures integrated with one laboratory session, dedicated to the observation and recognition of histological sections of vertebrate embryos at various developmental stages.

Specific skills – Module of Histology
A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge of the structural and ultrastructural organization of the tissues
- Knowledge and understanding the correlation between structure and function
- Knowledge and understanding the general mechanisms regulating tissue homeostasis
B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- learning how to use the appropriate terminology
- learning the methods used in histology
- learning how to recognize the structure of a tissue at Light Microscope and its location within the organ.

C) Autonomy of judgment
- acquiring critical judgment skills, through the study of methodological and experimental aspects of histology, as well as their present and future value in the biomedical applications and physiopathology.

D) Communication skills
- Learning how to present the acquired knowledge in an interview, using proper scientific language and knowing how to integrate, discuss and analyze in a critical way what has been learned.

E) Learning skills
- learning the appropriate terminology
- learning to connect and integrate the acquired knowledge in a logical way
- learning to identify the most relevant topics and their potential applicability to current problems.

Specific skills – Module of Embryology
A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge of the main events of embryogenesis
- Knowledge and understanding of the various stages of embryo development with a comparative vision
- Knowledge and understanding of the germ line formation and the gametes maturation.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- learning how to use the appropriate terminology
- learning how to recognize the various phases of embryogenesis
- learning how to recognize the various embryos and the main tissues and organs in development in images and diagrams

C) Autonomy of judgment
- acquiring critical judgment skills, through the historical study of the embryological knowledge
- evaluation of the acquired knowledge through a written test

D) Communication skills
- Learning how to present the acquired knowledge in a written test using proper scientific language and knowing how to integrate, discuss and analyze in a critical way what has been learned

E) Learning skills
- learning the appropriate terminology
- learning to connect and integrate the acquired knowledge in a logical way
- learning to identify the most relevant topics and their potential applicability to current problems.

Educational objectives

General skills
The course includes two modules: one of Histology and one of Embryology. The main objective of the course is to lead the student to know the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the tissues, correlating the structure to function, and to understand the morphogenic processes through which a body is built during embryogenesis, with a comparative vision to different animal models (mainly vertebrates).

General skills – Module of Histology
The course is focussed on the study of the morpho-functional characteristics of the tissue, and on the general mechanisms regulating their omeostasis.
The objective of the course is to lead the student to understand the structural and ultra-structural organization of cells and tissues and to correlate structure to function. Moreover, to know the methodological and experimental aspects of histology and how to identify and describe the histological structure of a microscope slide. The course requires established knowledge of cell biology, as well as general notions of inorganic and organic chemistry. The course includes lectures integrated with two laboratory sessions, dedicated to the observation and recognition of histological sections of the different tissues.

General skills – Module of Embryology
The course is focused on the study of embryology and the different phases of embryogenesis and on the gametogenesis and fertilization processes. The main aim of the course is to acquire the basic knowledge of the various phases of embryogenesis with a comparative view on different animal models (mainly vertebrates), of the maturation of gametes and the mechanisms of fertilization. The course requires established knowledge of cell biology. The course includes lectures integrated with one laboratory session, dedicated to the observation and recognition of histological sections of vertebrate embryos at various developmental stages.

Specific skills – Module of Histology
A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge of the structural and ultrastructural organization of the tissues
- Knowledge and understanding the correlation between structure and function
- Knowledge and understanding the general mechanisms regulating tissue homeostasis
B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- learning how to use the appropriate terminology
- learning the methods used in histology
- learning how to recognize the structure of a tissue at Light Microscope and its location within the organ.

C) Autonomy of judgment
- acquiring critical judgment skills, through the study of methodological and experimental aspects of histology, as well as their present and future value in the biomedical applications and physiopathology.

D) Communication skills
- Learning how to present the acquired knowledge in an interview, using proper scientific language and knowing how to integrate, discuss and analyze in a critical way what has been learned.

E) Learning skills
- learning the appropriate terminology
- learning to connect and integrate the acquired knowledge in a logical way
- learning to identify the most relevant topics and their potential applicability to current problems.

Specific skills – Module of Embryology
A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge of the main events of embryogenesis
- Knowledge and understanding of the various stages of embryo development with a comparative vision
- Knowledge and understanding of the germ line formation and the gametes maturation.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- learning how to use the appropriate terminology
- learning how to recognize the various phases of embryogenesis
- learning how to recognize the various embryos and the main tissues and organs in development in images and diagrams

C) Autonomy of judgment
- acquiring critical judgment skills, through the historical study of the embryological knowledge
- evaluation of the acquired knowledge through a written test

D) Communication skills
- Learning how to present the acquired knowledge in a written test using proper scientific language and knowing how to integrate, discuss and analyze in a critical way what has been learned

E) Learning skills
- learning the appropriate terminology
- learning to connect and integrate the acquired knowledge in a logical way
- learning to identify the most relevant topics and their potential applicability to current problems.

Educational objectives

General skills
The course includes two modules: one of Histology and one of Embryology. The main objective of the course is to lead the student to know the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the tissues, correlating the structure to function, and to understand the morphogenic processes through which a body is built during embryogenesis, with a comparative vision to different animal models (mainly vertebrates).

General skills – Module of Histology
The course is focussed on the study of the morpho-functional characteristics of the tissue, and on the general mechanisms regulating their omeostasis.
The objective of the course is to lead the student to understand the structural and ultra-structural organization of cells and tissues and to correlate structure to function. Moreover, to know the methodological and experimental aspects of histology and how to identify and describe the histological structure of a microscope slide. The course requires established knowledge of cell biology, as well as general notions of inorganic and organic chemistry. The course includes lectures integrated with two laboratory sessions, dedicated to the observation and recognition of histological sections of the different tissues.

General skills – Module of Embryology
The course is focused on the study of embryology and the different phases of embryogenesis and on the gametogenesis and fertilization processes. The main aim of the course is to acquire the basic knowledge of the various phases of embryogenesis with a comparative view on different animal models (mainly vertebrates), of the maturation of gametes and the mechanisms of fertilization. The course requires established knowledge of cell biology. The course includes lectures integrated with one laboratory session, dedicated to the observation and recognition of histological sections of vertebrate embryos at various developmental stages.

Specific skills – Module of Histology
A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge of the structural and ultrastructural organization of the tissues
- Knowledge and understanding the correlation between structure and function
- Knowledge and understanding the general mechanisms regulating tissue homeostasis
B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- learning how to use the appropriate terminology
- learning the methods used in histology
- learning how to recognize the structure of a tissue at Light Microscope and its location within the organ.

C) Autonomy of judgment
- acquiring critical judgment skills, through the study of methodological and experimental aspects of histology, as well as their present and future value in the biomedical applications and physiopathology.

D) Communication skills
- Learning how to present the acquired knowledge in an interview, using proper scientific language and knowing how to integrate, discuss and analyze in a critical way what has been learned.

E) Learning skills
- learning the appropriate terminology
- learning to connect and integrate the acquired knowledge in a logical way
- learning to identify the most relevant topics and their potential applicability to current problems.

Specific skills – Module of Embryology
A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge of the main events of embryogenesis
- Knowledge and understanding of the various stages of embryo development with a comparative vision
- Knowledge and understanding of the germ line formation and the gametes maturation.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- learning how to use the appropriate terminology
- learning how to recognize the various phases of embryogenesis
- learning how to recognize the various embryos and the main tissues and organs in development in images and diagrams

C) Autonomy of judgment
- acquiring critical judgment skills, through the historical study of the embryological knowledge
- evaluation of the acquired knowledge through a written test

D) Communication skills
- Learning how to present the acquired knowledge in a written test using proper scientific language and knowing how to integrate, discuss and analyze in a critical way what has been learned

E) Learning skills
- learning the appropriate terminology
- learning to connect and integrate the acquired knowledge in a logical way
- learning to identify the most relevant topics and their potential applicability to current problems.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives
The course provides students with a basic knowledge of Genetics aimed at understanding the rules of inheritance, their molecular bases, their main applications and their implications for evolution. In addition, the course will allow students to understand how genetic information is encoded at the DNA level and how the biochemical processes of the cell translate genetic information into a phenotype. The course aims to achieve these objectives through an analysis of the experimental evidences and their interpretation.
Moreover, the course introduces the students to the -omic sciences (particularly to genomics), their application and the related technology. The main objective is to introduce the modern concept of large-scale genetic analysis, which involves the collection of a very large number of data in a short time, starting from which new and more challenging biological questions can be formulated.

Learning outcomes GENETICS I (Cenci)

A) Knowledge and understanding
-Knowledge and understanding of the characteristics of the genetic material
-Knowledge and understanding of the rules of genetic transmission
-Knowledge and understanding of mutations and their implications
-Basic knowledge on the dynamics of genes in populations as well as on the genetic mechanisms underlying evolution

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- usage of a proper genetic terminology
- identification of the right procedures to solve genetic problems
- formulation of hypotheses on the hereditary transmission of characters
- constructing and interpreting genetic maps and genealogical trees
- acquisition of conceptual tools for the genetic dissection of biological systems
- utilizing basic biostatistical methodologies for data analysis and hypothesis testing

C) Making judgements
- Acquisition of a critical judgment capacity on solving problems of formal genetics, through the study of the evolution of the gene concept from Mendel to the present day and the detailed analysis of some fundamental experiments.
- Addressing questions for the elaboration and deepening of the gained information

D) Communication skills
- communicating the genetic concepts acquired during the course with appropriate terminology

E) Learning skills
- logically connecting the acquired knowledge
- identification of the most relevant topics of the issues discussed during the course

Learning outcomes GENETICS II (Amicone)

A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge and understanding of genome organization
- Knowledge and understanding of the genetic basis of variability
- Knowledge and understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution of genomes.
- Knowledge of the main methods of genome analysis and DNA manipulation
- Knowledge of the main methods of transcriptome analysis
- Knowledge of the main methods of proteome analysis

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
-Interpretation of genome sequences (identification of coding and regulatory sequences)
-Interpretation of the transcriptome and the hierarchical clustering of gene expression
-Interpretation of proteome in different experimental and physio-pathological conditions

C) Making judgements
-Acquisition of a critical judgment capacity on current DNA studies and manipulation technologies.
- Addressing questions for the elaboration and deepening of the gained information.

D) Communication skills
- Communicating the genetic concepts acquired during the course with appropriate terminology

E) Learning skills
- Logically connecting the acquired knowledge
- Identification of the most relevant topics of the issues discussed during the course

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives
The course provides students with a basic knowledge of Genetics aimed at understanding the rules of inheritance, their molecular bases, their main applications and their implications for evolution. In addition, the course will allow students to understand how genetic information is encoded at the DNA level and how the biochemical processes of the cell translate genetic information into a phenotype. The course aims to achieve these objectives through an analysis of the experimental evidences and their interpretation.
Moreover, the course introduces the students to the -omic sciences (particularly to genomics), their application and the related technology. The main objective is to introduce the modern concept of large-scale genetic analysis, which involves the collection of a very large number of data in a short time, starting from which new and more challenging biological questions can be formulated.

Learning outcomes GENETICS I (Cenci)

A) Knowledge and understanding
-Knowledge and understanding of the characteristics of the genetic material
-Knowledge and understanding of the rules of genetic transmission
-Knowledge and understanding of mutations and their implications
-Basic knowledge on the dynamics of genes in populations as well as on the genetic mechanisms underlying evolution

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- usage of a proper genetic terminology
- identification of the right procedures to solve genetic problems
- formulation of hypotheses on the hereditary transmission of characters
- constructing and interpreting genetic maps and genealogical trees
- acquisition of conceptual tools for the genetic dissection of biological systems
- utilizing basic biostatistical methodologies for data analysis and hypothesis testing

C) Making judgements
- Acquisition of a critical judgment capacity on solving problems of formal genetics, through the study of the evolution of the gene concept from Mendel to the present day and the detailed analysis of some fundamental experiments.
- Addressing questions for the elaboration and deepening of the gained information

D) Communication skills
- communicating the genetic concepts acquired during the course with appropriate terminology

E) Learning skills
- logically connecting the acquired knowledge
- identification of the most relevant topics of the issues discussed during the course

Learning outcomes GENETICS II (Amicone)

A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge and understanding of genome organization
- Knowledge and understanding of the genetic basis of variability
- Knowledge and understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution of genomes.
- Knowledge of the main methods of genome analysis and DNA manipulation
- Knowledge of the main methods of transcriptome analysis
- Knowledge of the main methods of proteome analysis

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
-Interpretation of genome sequences (identification of coding and regulatory sequences)
-Interpretation of the transcriptome and the hierarchical clustering of gene expression
-Interpretation of proteome in different experimental and physio-pathological conditions

C) Making judgements
-Acquisition of a critical judgment capacity on current DNA studies and manipulation technologies.
- Addressing questions for the elaboration and deepening of the gained information.

D) Communication skills
- Communicating the genetic concepts acquired during the course with appropriate terminology

E) Learning skills
- Logically connecting the acquired knowledge
- Identification of the most relevant topics of the issues discussed during the course

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives
The course provides students with a basic knowledge of Genetics aimed at understanding the rules of inheritance, their molecular bases, their main applications and their implications for evolution. In addition, the course will allow students to understand how genetic information is encoded at the DNA level and how the biochemical processes of the cell translate genetic information into a phenotype. The course aims to achieve these objectives through an analysis of the experimental evidences and their interpretation.
Moreover, the course introduces the students to the -omic sciences (particularly to genomics), their application and the related technology. The main objective is to introduce the modern concept of large-scale genetic analysis, which involves the collection of a very large number of data in a short time, starting from which new and more challenging biological questions can be formulated.

Learning outcomes GENETICS I (Cenci)

A) Knowledge and understanding
-Knowledge and understanding of the characteristics of the genetic material
-Knowledge and understanding of the rules of genetic transmission
-Knowledge and understanding of mutations and their implications
-Basic knowledge on the dynamics of genes in populations as well as on the genetic mechanisms underlying evolution

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- usage of a proper genetic terminology
- identification of the right procedures to solve genetic problems
- formulation of hypotheses on the hereditary transmission of characters
- constructing and interpreting genetic maps and genealogical trees
- acquisition of conceptual tools for the genetic dissection of biological systems
- utilizing basic biostatistical methodologies for data analysis and hypothesis testing

C) Making judgements
- Acquisition of a critical judgment capacity on solving problems of formal genetics, through the study of the evolution of the gene concept from Mendel to the present day and the detailed analysis of some fundamental experiments.
- Addressing questions for the elaboration and deepening of the gained information

D) Communication skills
- communicating the genetic concepts acquired during the course with appropriate terminology

E) Learning skills
- logically connecting the acquired knowledge
- identification of the most relevant topics of the issues discussed during the course

Learning outcomes GENETICS II (Amicone)

A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge and understanding of genome organization
- Knowledge and understanding of the genetic basis of variability
- Knowledge and understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution of genomes.
- Knowledge of the main methods of genome analysis and DNA manipulation
- Knowledge of the main methods of transcriptome analysis
- Knowledge of the main methods of proteome analysis

B) Applying knowledge and understanding
-Interpretation of genome sequences (identification of coding and regulatory sequences)
-Interpretation of the transcriptome and the hierarchical clustering of gene expression
-Interpretation of proteome in different experimental and physio-pathological conditions

C) Making judgements
-Acquisition of a critical judgment capacity on current DNA studies and manipulation technologies.
- Addressing questions for the elaboration and deepening of the gained information.

D) Communication skills
- Communicating the genetic concepts acquired during the course with appropriate terminology

E) Learning skills
- Logically connecting the acquired knowledge
- Identification of the most relevant topics of the issues discussed during the course

Educational objectives

General skills.
At the end of the course and after passing the exam, the student will have acquired the knowledge and skills in the areas below. In general, the student will be able to: describe the structure and function of the main classes of biological macromolecules; explain the main metabolic pathways in terms of chemical reactions, recognizing and reproducing the structures of the metabolites; explain the principles and applications of the most common biochemical methodologies. On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student will have the ability to interpret and explain biological phenomena from a biochemical point of view, describing the molecular bases of life in terms of structures and chemical reactions. Students' critical and judgmental skills will be developed through excercise classes, in which videos will be projected and numerical exercises carried out, and through laboratory experiences. In the latter, students will apply the theoretical concepts studied in class, performing and interpreting experiments that, in the future, they will be able to independently reproduce. Communication skills will also be exercised during the theoretical lessons, which include moments of open discussion. In the future, the student will be able to count on the knowledge and skills just described for the understanding of other disciplines and for the work in analysis and research laboratories.

Specific skills.
a) knowledge and ability to understand:
- Knowledge and understanding of the relationship between structure and function of the main classes of macromolecules and biological molecules;
- understanding of metabolism chemical logic;
- knowledge of the main metabolic pathways and of their single reactions;
- understanding of the principles and phenomena underlying the main biochemical methodologies;

b) ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
- ability to interpret and explain biological phenomena from a biochemical point of view;
- ability to apply appropriate techniques to specific experimental problems;

c) autonomy of judgment:
- be able to solve biochemical problems, also through a quantitative approach;
- be able to identify biological and biomedical phenomena that can be explained from a biochemical point of view;
- be able to select and evaluate the most appropriate techniques to solve a specific experimental problem;

d) communication skills
- be able to illustrate and explain biochemical phenomena with appropriate terms and with logical rigor;
- be able to draw the structure of the main metabolites and of biomolecules in general;
- be able to describe how the main biochemical techniques work;

e) learning ability
- acquisition of the fundamentals and cognitive tools to continue independently in the study of biochemistry;
- acquisition of the basic knowledge necessary to progress autonomously in other biological disciplines;
- ability to learn quickly and apply biochemical techniques in laboratory working environments;

Educational objectives

General skills.
At the end of the course and after passing the exam, the student will have acquired the knowledge and skills in the areas below. In general, the student will be able to: describe the structure and function of the main classes of biological macromolecules; explain the main metabolic pathways in terms of chemical reactions, recognizing and reproducing the structures of the metabolites; explain the principles and applications of the most common biochemical methodologies. On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student will have the ability to interpret and explain biological phenomena from a biochemical point of view, describing the molecular bases of life in terms of structures and chemical reactions. Students' critical and judgmental skills will be developed through excercise classes, in which videos will be projected and numerical exercises carried out, and through laboratory experiences. In the latter, students will apply the theoretical concepts studied in class, performing and interpreting experiments that, in the future, they will be able to independently reproduce. Communication skills will also be exercised during the theoretical lessons, which include moments of open discussion. In the future, the student will be able to count on the knowledge and skills just described for the understanding of other disciplines and for the work in analysis and research laboratories.

Specific skills.
a) knowledge and ability to understand:
- Knowledge and understanding of the relationship between structure and function of the main classes of macromolecules and biological molecules;
- understanding of metabolism chemical logic;
- knowledge of the main metabolic pathways and of their single reactions;
- understanding of the principles and phenomena underlying the main biochemical methodologies;

b) ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
- ability to interpret and explain biological phenomena from a biochemical point of view;
- ability to apply appropriate techniques to specific experimental problems;

c) autonomy of judgment:
- be able to solve biochemical problems, also through a quantitative approach;
- be able to identify biological and biomedical phenomena that can be explained from a biochemical point of view;
- be able to select and evaluate the most appropriate techniques to solve a specific experimental problem;

d) communication skills
- be able to illustrate and explain biochemical phenomena with appropriate terms and with logical rigor;
- be able to draw the structure of the main metabolites and of biomolecules in general;
- be able to describe how the main biochemical techniques work;

e) learning ability
- acquisition of the fundamentals and cognitive tools to continue independently in the study of biochemistry;
- acquisition of the basic knowledge necessary to progress autonomously in other biological disciplines;
- ability to learn quickly and apply biochemical techniques in laboratory working environments;

Educational objectives

Acquisition by the student of a knowledge of the
problems of chemical equilibrium (acid-base, complexometric, precipitation,
redox). Learning of mathematical and graphic methods for calculating the
concentration of all chemical species at equilibrium. Acquisition and study (in
depth) of the principal concepts of statistics applied to chemical analysis.
Introduction to the principal methods of instrumental, electrochemical,
chromatographic, thermal analysis.

This course provides an Spectroscopic methods to study biological
systems

Educational objectives

This
course provides an Spectroscopic methods to study biological systems

Educational objectives

Acquisition
by the student of a knowledge of the problems of chemical equilibrium
(acid-base, complexometric, precipitation, redox). Learning of mathematical and
graphic methods for calculating the concentration of all chemical species at
equilibrium. Acquisition and study (in depth) of the principal concepts of
statistics applied to chemical analysis. Introduction to the principal methods
of instrumental, electrochemical, chromatographic, thermal analysis.

Educational objectives

The course of General microbiology, microbial biotechnology and medical
microbiology elements takes place
in two years (CF totals 12) through the
three modules described above.
The student, through a total of 12 CF, will have to prove that he has acquired
all the knowledge of form,
structure, genetics and physiology of
microorganisms together with their biodiversity and pathogenicity . He will also known the classical techniques and innovative methods of
cultivation, characterization, genetic and counts for
the preparation and improvement of biomass
to be used in various biotechnological processes.

The student will acquire the
knowledge useful to characterize bacterial pathogens including

the various stages of the infectious process and of
the interactions with the host
defense mechanisms.
At the end of the
training process, the student will have to know
the main biotechnological strategies
described in the
related programs.

Educational objectives

The course of General microbiology, microbial biotechnology and medical
microbiology elements takes place
in two years (CF totals 12) through the
three modules described above.
The student, through a total of 12 CF, will have to prove that he has acquired
all the knowledge of form,
structure, genetics and physiology of
microorganisms together with their biodiversity and pathogenicity . He will also known the classical techniques and innovative methods of
cultivation, characterization, genetic and counts for
the preparation and improvement of biomass
to be used in various biotechnological processes.

The student will acquire the
knowledge useful to characterize bacterial pathogens including

the various stages of the infectious process and of
the interactions with the host
defense mechanisms.
At the end of the
training process, the student will have to know
the main biotechnological strategies
described in the
related programs.

Educational objectives

Anatomy: To know the general systematic and structural
organization of the normal human body from the tissue level to the systematic
level, in particular the skeletal system and organs of the various systems.
General physiology: The General Physiology course is mainly focused on cellular physiology and the concept of homeostasis, essential for survival. The course aims to: 1) provide students with the fundamentals of general and cellular physiology 2) to acquire the specific language of this discipline.

Expected learning outcomes

At the end of the course the student must have acquired a series of theoretical knowledge to understand the basic mechanisms of cellular functioning, with particular attention to the role of the plasma membrane in transport processes, in the maintenance of membrane potential and in cell excitability. .

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING ABILITY

The student must demonstrate that he has acquired basic notions of cell physiology, but also that he has understood the causal links between specific stimuli and the biological processes that work for the maintenance of homeostasis. They will also have knowledge about the mechanisms of response to nerve stimuli.

JUDGMENT AUTONOMY

the student must be able to comment and discuss in a critical and autonomous way the data and research themes dealt with in the scientific literature, related to the course.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

The student must demonstrate a correct and timely use of specialized terminology when he exposes contents in the physiological field and a logical and sequential analysis of the cause / effect sequences of physiological processes.

Educational objectives

To know the general systematic and structural
organization of the normal human body from the tissue level to the systematic
level, in particular the skeletal system and organs of the various systems.

Educational objectives

General Aims: The course aims to introduce the student to the understanding of the link between the structure of nucleic acids and proteins and their main biological functions, namely: DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair, RNA processing and protein synthesis and quality controls and their regulatory circuits.
Specific goals:
1. Knowledge and comprehension: The student will have to know the basic molecular mechanisms of cellular homeostasis and gene regulation and the most utilized techniques in molecular biology.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and comprehension: the student will have to be able to apply this knowledge in the discussion of arguments of general interest in the recent scientific literature.
3. Ability of formulate critical judgement: The student will have to show ability to solve scientific and technical problems and to communicate to teacher and colleagues his conclusions.
4. The student will have to show abilities in applying the learned notions and methods in solving specific problems in experimental strategies.

Educational objectives

General Aims: The course aims to introduce the student to the understanding of the link between the structure of nucleic acids and proteins and their main biological functions, namely: DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair, RNA processing and protein synthesis and quality controls and their regulatory circuits.
Specific goals:
1. Knowledge and comprehension: The student will have to know the basic molecular mechanisms of cellular homeostasis and gene regulation and the most utilized techniques in molecular biology.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and comprehension: the student will have to be able to apply this knowledge in the discussion of arguments of general interest in the recent scientific literature.
3. Ability of formulate critical judgement: The student will have to show ability to solve scientific and technical problems and to communicate to teacher and colleagues his conclusions.
4. The student will have to show abilities in applying the learned notions and methods in solving specific problems in experimental strategies.

Educational objectives

General skills.
At the end of the course and after passing the exam, the student will have acquired the knowledge and skills in the areas below. In general, the student will be able to: describe the structure and function of the main classes of biological macromolecules; explain the main metabolic pathways in terms of chemical reactions, recognizing and reproducing the structures of the metabolites; explain the principles and applications of the most common biochemical methodologies. On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student will have the ability to interpret and explain biological phenomena from a biochemical point of view, describing the molecular bases of life in terms of structures and chemical reactions. Students' critical and judgmental skills will be developed through excercise classes, in which videos will be projected and numerical exercises carried out, and through laboratory experiences. In the latter, students will apply the theoretical concepts studied in class, performing and interpreting experiments that, in the future, they will be able to independently reproduce. Communication skills will also be exercised during the theoretical lessons, which include moments of open discussion. In the future, the student will be able to count on the knowledge and skills just described for the understanding of other disciplines and for the work in analysis and research laboratories.

Specific skills.
a) knowledge and ability to understand:
- Knowledge and understanding of the relationship between structure and function of the main classes of macromolecules and biological molecules;
- understanding of metabolism chemical logic;
- knowledge of the main metabolic pathways and of their single reactions;
- understanding of the principles and phenomena underlying the main biochemical methodologies;

b) ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
- ability to interpret and explain biological phenomena from a biochemical point of view;
- ability to apply appropriate techniques to specific experimental problems;

c) autonomy of judgment:
- be able to solve biochemical problems, also through a quantitative approach;
- be able to identify biological and biomedical phenomena that can be explained from a biochemical point of view;
- be able to select and evaluate the most appropriate techniques to solve a specific experimental problem;

d) communication skills
- be able to illustrate and explain biochemical phenomena with appropriate terms and with logical rigor;
- be able to draw the structure of the main metabolites and of biomolecules in general;
- be able to describe how the main biochemical techniques work;

e) learning ability
- acquisition of the fundamentals and cognitive tools to continue independently in the study of biochemistry;
- acquisition of the basic knowledge necessary to progress autonomously in other biological disciplines;
- ability to learn quickly and apply biochemical techniques in laboratory working environments;

Educational objectives

General skills.
At the end of the course and after passing the exam, the student will have acquired the knowledge and skills in the areas below. In general, the student will be able to: describe the structure and function of the main classes of biological macromolecules; explain the main metabolic pathways in terms of chemical reactions, recognizing and reproducing the structures of the metabolites; explain the principles and applications of the most common biochemical methodologies. On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student will have the ability to interpret and explain biological phenomena from a biochemical point of view, describing the molecular bases of life in terms of structures and chemical reactions. Students' critical and judgmental skills will be developed through excercise classes, in which videos will be projected and numerical exercises carried out, and through laboratory experiences. In the latter, students will apply the theoretical concepts studied in class, performing and interpreting experiments that, in the future, they will be able to independently reproduce. Communication skills will also be exercised during the theoretical lessons, which include moments of open discussion. In the future, the student will be able to count on the knowledge and skills just described for the understanding of other disciplines and for the work in analysis and research laboratories.

Specific skills.
a) knowledge and ability to understand:
- Knowledge and understanding of the relationship between structure and function of the main classes of macromolecules and biological molecules;
- understanding of metabolism chemical logic;
- knowledge of the main metabolic pathways and of their single reactions;
- understanding of the principles and phenomena underlying the main biochemical methodologies;

b) ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
- ability to interpret and explain biological phenomena from a biochemical point of view;
- ability to apply appropriate techniques to specific experimental problems;

c) autonomy of judgment:
- be able to solve biochemical problems, also through a quantitative approach;
- be able to identify biological and biomedical phenomena that can be explained from a biochemical point of view;
- be able to select and evaluate the most appropriate techniques to solve a specific experimental problem;

d) communication skills
- be able to illustrate and explain biochemical phenomena with appropriate terms and with logical rigor;
- be able to draw the structure of the main metabolites and of biomolecules in general;
- be able to describe how the main biochemical techniques work;

e) learning ability
- acquisition of the fundamentals and cognitive tools to continue independently in the study of biochemistry;
- acquisition of the basic knowledge necessary to progress autonomously in other biological disciplines;
- ability to learn quickly and apply biochemical techniques in laboratory working environments;

Educational objectives

General skills

The Course on Human and Plant Physiology provides students with knowledge and skills aimed at understanding the main aspects of human physiology, with particular reference to cell physiology and the concept of homeostasis, essential for survival, and of plant physiology. In particular, the course aims to: 1) provide students with the fundamentals of general, cellular, and apparatus physiology in the human being, and of the peculiar physiological mechanisms in plant organisms; 2) to acquire the specific language of these disciplines.

Specific skills module Plant Physiology

A) Knowledge and understanding

The Plant Physiology module aims to provide basic knowledge on the main physiological processes of plants, with particular attention to the relationship between structure and function and functional and physiological adaptations to the specific needs of these organisms. Specific objectives are: knowledge of the structure and organization of the plant cell; the study of short and long distance transport processes; the study of the main metabolic processes peculiar to plants (mineral nutrition, photosynthesis); the knowledge of the most important adaptations of these processes, with particular attention to the role of light and water in the life of the plant.

Students who have passed the exam will have in particular acquired the following knowledge:

- the basic methodological approaches in the study of plant physiology;
- cellular structures peculiar to plant organisms;
- the chemical-physical bases of water transport mechanisms over short and long distances;
- the methods of organisa- tion of nitrogen and carbon in plants;
- the chemical-physical mechanisms and the biochemical processes underlying the photosynthesis, and some of the adaptations of these to particular environmental conditions;
- the biochemical-molecular mechanisms underlying physiological phenomena regulated by light (photomorphogenesis, photoperiodism)
- the structure and mode of action of the main phytohormones.
- the bases of plant biotechnology applied to agriculture and the production of secondary metabolites.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding

Students who have passed the exam will be able to:

- Describe the main differences between an animal and a plant cell;
- Understand the chemical-physical principles underlying the transport of water over short and long distances and the transport of molecules through the membranes;
- Describe the metabolic pathways underlying the nitrate conversion into amino acids and the nitrogen fixation;
- Understand and describe the chemical-physical principles underlying the conversion of light into chemical energy during photosynthesis;
- Describe the key steps of the photosynthetic process in higher plants, and understand the physiological and biochemical-molecular mechanisms regulating the different components of photosynthesis;
- Understand and illustrate the most important variations to the canonical scheme of photosynthesis (C4, CAM);
- Understand the structural bases and the physiological mechanisms underlying the phloem transport and the distribution of photosynthates;

C) Making judgements

The student must demonstrate critical judgment skills on key aspects of the field of plant physiology.

D) Communication skills

- Acquisition of adequate skills and tools useful for communication, even non-specialists, of the subject matter, including through the use of graphic languages, with particular regard to scientific language.

E) Learning skills

- Ability to interpret and deepen knowledge;
- Ability to use cognitive tools for continuous updating of knowledge;
- Ability to compare for the consolidation and improvement of knowledge.

Specific skills module Human Physiology

A) Knowledge and understanding

At the end of the course the students will have acquired the basic molecular principles that regulate both the normal cell functions, and of the organ as well as the integrated functions between the various organs of the human body. With the knowledge of the basic principles of Physiology students will be able to critically study the molecular, cellular and integrative aspects of some important dysfunctions and will see their interest in Physiology increased as a preparatory subject for the understanding of the correct functioning of the body human.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding

The student must demonstrate that he has acquired basic notions of cell physiology and systems, but also that he has understood the causal links between specific stimuli and the biological processes that work for the maintenance of homeostasis.

C) Making judgements

The student must demonstrate critical judgment skills on key aspects of the field of human physiology.

D) Communication skills

The student must demonstrate a correct and timely use of specialized terminology when he exposes contents in the physiological field and a logical and sequential analysis of the cause / effect sequences of physiological processes.

E) Learning skills

- Ability to interpret and deepen knowledge;
- Ability to use cognitive tools for continuous updating of knowledge;
- Ability to compare for the consolidation and improvement of knowledge.

Educational objectives

General skills

The Course on Human and Plant Physiology provides students with knowledge and skills aimed at understanding the main aspects of human physiology, with particular reference to cell physiology and the concept of homeostasis, essential for survival, and of plant physiology. In particular, the course aims to: 1) provide students with the fundamentals of general, cellular, and apparatus physiology in the human being, and of the peculiar physiological mechanisms in plant organisms; 2) to acquire the specific language of these disciplines.

Specific skills module Plant Physiology

A) Knowledge and understanding

The Plant Physiology module aims to provide basic knowledge on the main physiological processes of plants, with particular attention to the relationship between structure and function and functional and physiological adaptations to the specific needs of these organisms. Specific objectives are: knowledge of the structure and organization of the plant cell; the study of short and long distance transport processes; the study of the main metabolic processes peculiar to plants (mineral nutrition, photosynthesis); the knowledge of the most important adaptations of these processes, with particular attention to the role of light and water in the life of the plant.

Students who have passed the exam will have in particular acquired the following knowledge:

- the basic methodological approaches in the study of plant physiology;
- cellular structures peculiar to plant organisms;
- the chemical-physical bases of water transport mechanisms over short and long distances;
- the methods of organisa- tion of nitrogen and carbon in plants;
- the chemical-physical mechanisms and the biochemical processes underlying the photosynthesis, and some of the adaptations of these to particular environmental conditions;
- the biochemical-molecular mechanisms underlying physiological phenomena regulated by light (photomorphogenesis, photoperiodism)
- the structure and mode of action of the main phytohormones.
- the bases of plant biotechnology applied to agriculture and the production of secondary metabolites.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding

Students who have passed the exam will be able to:

- Describe the main differences between an animal and a plant cell;
- Understand the chemical-physical principles underlying the transport of water over short and long distances and the transport of molecules through the membranes;
- Describe the metabolic pathways underlying the nitrate conversion into amino acids and the nitrogen fixation;
- Understand and describe the chemical-physical principles underlying the conversion of light into chemical energy during photosynthesis;
- Describe the key steps of the photosynthetic process in higher plants, and understand the physiological and biochemical-molecular mechanisms regulating the different components of photosynthesis;
- Understand and illustrate the most important variations to the canonical scheme of photosynthesis (C4, CAM);
- Understand the structural bases and the physiological mechanisms underlying the phloem transport and the distribution of photosynthates;

C) Making judgements

The student must demonstrate critical judgment skills on key aspects of the field of plant physiology.

D) Communication skills

- Acquisition of adequate skills and tools useful for communication, even non-specialists, of the subject matter, including through the use of graphic languages, with particular regard to scientific language.

E) Learning skills

- Ability to interpret and deepen knowledge;
- Ability to use cognitive tools for continuous updating of knowledge;
- Ability to compare for the consolidation and improvement of knowledge.

Specific skills module Human Physiology

A) Knowledge and understanding

At the end of the course the students will have acquired the basic molecular principles that regulate both the normal cell functions, and of the organ as well as the integrated functions between the various organs of the human body. With the knowledge of the basic principles of Physiology students will be able to critically study the molecular, cellular and integrative aspects of some important dysfunctions and will see their interest in Physiology increased as a preparatory subject for the understanding of the correct functioning of the body human.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding

The student must demonstrate that he has acquired basic notions of cell physiology and systems, but also that he has understood the causal links between specific stimuli and the biological processes that work for the maintenance of homeostasis.

C) Making judgements

The student must demonstrate critical judgment skills on key aspects of the field of human physiology.

D) Communication skills

The student must demonstrate a correct and timely use of specialized terminology when he exposes contents in the physiological field and a logical and sequential analysis of the cause / effect sequences of physiological processes.

E) Learning skills

- Ability to interpret and deepen knowledge;
- Ability to use cognitive tools for continuous updating of knowledge;
- Ability to compare for the consolidation and improvement of knowledge.

Educational objectives

General skills

The Course on Human and Plant Physiology provides students with knowledge and skills aimed at understanding the main aspects of human physiology, with particular reference to cell physiology and the concept of homeostasis, essential for survival, and of plant physiology. In particular, the course aims to: 1) provide students with the fundamentals of general, cellular, and apparatus physiology in the human being, and of the peculiar physiological mechanisms in plant organisms; 2) to acquire the specific language of these disciplines.

Specific skills module Plant Physiology

A) Knowledge and understanding

The Plant Physiology module aims to provide basic knowledge on the main physiological processes of plants, with particular attention to the relationship between structure and function and functional and physiological adaptations to the specific needs of these organisms. Specific objectives are: knowledge of the structure and organization of the plant cell; the study of short and long distance transport processes; the study of the main metabolic processes peculiar to plants (mineral nutrition, photosynthesis); the knowledge of the most important adaptations of these processes, with particular attention to the role of light and water in the life of the plant.

Students who have passed the exam will have in particular acquired the following knowledge:

- the basic methodological approaches in the study of plant physiology;
- cellular structures peculiar to plant organisms;
- the chemical-physical bases of water transport mechanisms over short and long distances;
- the methods of organisa- tion of nitrogen and carbon in plants;
- the chemical-physical mechanisms and the biochemical processes underlying the photosynthesis, and some of the adaptations of these to particular environmental conditions;
- the biochemical-molecular mechanisms underlying physiological phenomena regulated by light (photomorphogenesis, photoperiodism)
- the structure and mode of action of the main phytohormones.
- the bases of plant biotechnology applied to agriculture and the production of secondary metabolites.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding

Students who have passed the exam will be able to:

- Describe the main differences between an animal and a plant cell;
- Understand the chemical-physical principles underlying the transport of water over short and long distances and the transport of molecules through the membranes;
- Describe the metabolic pathways underlying the nitrate conversion into amino acids and the nitrogen fixation;
- Understand and describe the chemical-physical principles underlying the conversion of light into chemical energy during photosynthesis;
- Describe the key steps of the photosynthetic process in higher plants, and understand the physiological and biochemical-molecular mechanisms regulating the different components of photosynthesis;
- Understand and illustrate the most important variations to the canonical scheme of photosynthesis (C4, CAM);
- Understand the structural bases and the physiological mechanisms underlying the phloem transport and the distribution of photosynthates;

C) Making judgements

The student must demonstrate critical judgment skills on key aspects of the field of plant physiology.

D) Communication skills

- Acquisition of adequate skills and tools useful for communication, even non-specialists, of the subject matter, including through the use of graphic languages, with particular regard to scientific language.

E) Learning skills

- Ability to interpret and deepen knowledge;
- Ability to use cognitive tools for continuous updating of knowledge;
- Ability to compare for the consolidation and improvement of knowledge.

Specific skills module Human Physiology

A) Knowledge and understanding

At the end of the course the students will have acquired the basic molecular principles that regulate both the normal cell functions, and of the organ as well as the integrated functions between the various organs of the human body. With the knowledge of the basic principles of Physiology students will be able to critically study the molecular, cellular and integrative aspects of some important dysfunctions and will see their interest in Physiology increased as a preparatory subject for the understanding of the correct functioning of the body human.

B) Applying knowledge and understanding

The student must demonstrate that he has acquired basic notions of cell physiology and systems, but also that he has understood the causal links between specific stimuli and the biological processes that work for the maintenance of homeostasis.

C) Making judgements

The student must demonstrate critical judgment skills on key aspects of the field of human physiology.

D) Communication skills

The student must demonstrate a correct and timely use of specialized terminology when he exposes contents in the physiological field and a logical and sequential analysis of the cause / effect sequences of physiological processes.

E) Learning skills

- Ability to interpret and deepen knowledge;
- Ability to use cognitive tools for continuous updating of knowledge;
- Ability to compare for the consolidation and improvement of knowledge.

Educational objectives

General Aims: The course aims to introduce the student to the understanding of the link between the structure of nucleic acids and proteins and their main biological functions, namely: DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair, RNA processing and protein synthesis and quality controls and their regulatory circuits.
Specific goals:
1. Knowledge and comprehension: The student will have to know the basic molecular mechanisms of cellular homeostasis and gene regulation and the most utilized techniques in molecular biology.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and comprehension: the student will have to be able to apply this knowledge in the discussion of arguments of general interest in the recent scientific literature.
3. Ability of formulate critical judgement: The student will have to show ability to solve scientific and technical problems and to communicate to teacher and colleagues his conclusions.
4. The student will have to show abilities in applying the learned notions and methods in solving specific problems in experimental strategies.

Educational objectives

General Aims: The course aims to introduce the student to the understanding of the link between the structure of nucleic acids and proteins and their main biological functions, namely: DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair, RNA processing and protein synthesis and quality controls and their regulatory circuits.
Specific goals:
1. Knowledge and comprehension: The student will have to know the basic molecular mechanisms of cellular homeostasis and gene regulation and the most utilized techniques in molecular biology.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and comprehension: the student will have to be able to apply this knowledge in the discussion of arguments of general interest in the recent scientific literature.
3. Ability of formulate critical judgement: The student will have to show ability to solve scientific and technical problems and to communicate to teacher and colleagues his conclusions.
4. The student will have to show abilities in applying the learned notions and methods in solving specific problems in experimental strategies.

Educational objectives

General objective of the teaching is to give knowledge, by frontal lessons and practical training, on microbes used in industrial applications and on examples of industrial productions by traditional and innovative methodologies.
Specific objectives of part 1
A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge of the main microorganisms used in industrial biotechnological applications.
- Knowledge and understanding of the applications of microorganisms.
- Knowledge and understanding of strategies for the isolation and characterization of microorganisms used for biotechnological applications in different industrial sectors.
B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- Capability to use properly specific terms.
- Ability to evaluate the use of microorganisms for the production of substances at the industrial level.
- Ability to propose production of new substances and new production processes.
- Knowing how to isolate, identify and characterize the microorganisms most commonly used in industrial platforms

C) Making judgments
- Acquisition of critical analysis about the identification and characterization of industrial microorganisms in relation to the industrial processes in which they are employed.
- Capability to pose questions about deepening the acquired knowledge.
D) Communication skills
- Communication skills acquired by oral exams
E) Learning skills
- Learning specific and proper nomenclature.
- Capability to connect logically the acquired knowledge.
- Identify relevant issues of studied subjects.

Specific objectives of part 2
A) Knowledge and understanding
- Knowledge on microbial cultivation and on main processes about large-scale fermentative productions.
- Knowledge about main production processes of primary and secondary metabolites.
- Knowledge about metabolic engineering strategies and recombinant protein production.
B) Applying knowledge and understanding
- Capability to use properly specific terms.
- Ability to evaluate the use of microorganisms for the production of substances at the industrial level.
- Ability to propose production of new substances and new production processes.
C) Making judgments
- Acquisition of critical analysis about the use of industrial microorganisms and of industrial processes for the production of substances.
- Capability to pose questions about deepening the acquired knowledge.
D) Communication skills
- Communication skills acquired by oral exams
E) Learning skills
- Learning specific and proper nomenclature.
- Capability to connect logically the acquired knowledge.
- Identify relevant issues of studied subjects.

Educational objectives

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
The main goal of the course is to provide students with the tools necessary for a detailed and critique analysis of the structure of proteins and their macromolecular complexes using Bioinformatics. The first part of the course is dedicated to the theory of Bioinformatics algorithms. During the second part of the course, students are challenged with practical exercises on the structural analysis of protein models by means of open source software. The course consists of lectures that cover the main topics of the program and practical exercises. Exercises are carried out in a computer room with the use of open source software for the visualization of the tridimensional structure of macromolecules. Beside textbooks, students have access to lectures' slides, scientific articles, and other teaching resources made available trough this web site.

APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
The educational aim of the course is to achieve the necessary knowledge for a critical analysis of the structure of proteins and their interactions. By the end of the course students will have acquired the skills necessary to deal with the analysis and experimental study of biological macromolecules. They will learn how to retrieve protein and nucleic acid coordinates from the PDB database, recognize the fold and use software for a detailed analysis of their structure.

MAKING JUDGEMENTS
The course is aimed at increasing the ability to critically analyze the sequence and structure of proteins and other biological macromolecules.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS
The course includes significant activity of classroom discussion aimed at developing the ability of students to transfer skills acquired in support of their arguments. In the final exam, students must solve weblems and eventually take an oral presentation on the structure and function of an assigned protein.

LEARNING SKILLS
The many advancements of scientific research, particularly in the field of bioinformatics, biochemistry and molecular biology, require a constant updating. For this reason, the course aims to provide the necessary tools to achieve a wider knowledge and to align skills to the advancement in biology and bioinformatics research.

Educational objectives

• Learn and understand the pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics
and
mechanisms of drug toxicity.

•
Be able to do on the basis of knowledge
of
the
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic acquired
a
drug
evaluation and a careful choice
of
the route and timing of administration.
•
Be aware of the factors that influence
the
pharmacological effects, adverse reactions and
drug
interactions, as well as socio-economic and
ethical
implications inherent in the prescription
of
drugs.

Educational objectives

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
The main goal of the course is to provide students with the tools necessary for a detailed and critique analysis of the structure of proteins and their macromolecular complexes using Bioinformatics. The first part of the course is dedicated to the theory of Bioinformatics algorithms. During the second part of the course, students are challenged with practical exercises on the structural analysis of protein models by means of open source software. The course consists of lectures that cover the main topics of the program and practical exercises. Exercises are carried out in a computer room with the use of open source software for the visualization of the tridimensional structure of macromolecules. Beside textbooks, students have access to lectures' slides, scientific articles, and other teaching resources made available trough this web site.

APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
The educational aim of the course is to achieve the necessary knowledge for a critical analysis of the structure of proteins and their interactions. By the end of the course students will have acquired the skills necessary to deal with the analysis and experimental study of biological macromolecules. They will learn how to retrieve protein and nucleic acid coordinates from the PDB database, recognize the fold and use software for a detailed analysis of their structure.

MAKING JUDGEMENTS
The course is aimed at increasing the ability to critically analyze the sequence and structure of proteins and other biological macromolecules.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS
The course includes significant activity of classroom discussion aimed at developing the ability of students to transfer skills acquired in support of their arguments. In the final exam, students must solve weblems and eventually take an oral presentation on the structure and function of an assigned protein.

LEARNING SKILLS
The many advancements of scientific research, particularly in the field of bioinformatics, biochemistry and molecular biology, require a constant updating. For this reason, the course aims to provide the necessary tools to achieve a wider knowledge and to align skills to the advancement in biology and bioinformatics research.

Educational objectives

This course is aimed at understanding the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response and the fundamental mechanisms responsible for its protective functions as well as the scientific-experimental methodologies used for the study of these mechanisms. The student will comprehend the biotechnological basis of innovative drugs (including recombinant cytokines and monoclonal antibodies) used to modulate the immune response as well as the main strategies for the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.

Educational objectives

This course is aimed at understanding the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response and the fundamental mechanisms responsible for its protective functions as well as the scientific-experimental methodologies used for the study of these mechanisms. The student will comprehend the biotechnological basis of innovative drugs (including recombinant cytokines and monoclonal antibodies) used to modulate the immune response as well as the main strategies for the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.

Educational objectives

This course is aimed at understanding the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response and the fundamental mechanisms responsible for its protective functions as well as the scientific-experimental methodologies used for the study of these mechanisms. The student will comprehend the biotechnological basis of innovative drugs (including recombinant cytokines and monoclonal antibodies) used to modulate the immune response as well as the main strategies for the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.

Educational objectives

The aim of
this course is to give detailed informations on dosage forms and in particular
will discuss problems about preparation and formulation of conventional dosage
forms referring to their
biotechnological applications.

Educational objectives

COMPLEMENTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
General objectives
The Pharmaceutical Chemistry course is a 5CFU module which aims to provide the
student with the basics of the study of medicinal chemistry. The course includes an
introductory part in which the importance of medicinal chemistry will be explained,
especially its interaction with the other disciplines that the student encounters in the course
of studies such as organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology. Since the course is
intended for Biotechnology students, traditional medicines and biotechnological medicines
will be dealt with; The attention will be focused on the mechanism of action, on the
toxicology, as well as on the method of obtaining the drug.

Specific goals
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to describe the drug according to all its characteristics: synthesis,
metabolism, mechanism of action, metabolism and possible adverse effects.

2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to place the drugs in their own class
linked to the therapeutic indication. Furthermore, the knowledge of the synthesis or other
production method will be essential to allow the student to identify the mechanism of
action, the dosage, the active metabolites and to highlight any interactions with other
drugs; moreover, the knowledge of the chemical structures of drugs, in the case of
synthetic molecules, will allow the student to understand how to design molecules
necessary to increase bioavailability or to improve absorption (prodrugs)3. Autonomy of
judgment

09:11
The teacher will stimulate students to develop the logical-critical sense by giving
interactive lessons, through frequent questions during the lesson, with the aim of inducing
them to acquire the ability to connect the various concepts defined in the program, of
mastery of the subject. At the end of the course the students will be able to grasp the
important points of a scientific publication concerning a new generation drug and plan a
research concerning the topics covered in order to broaden their scientific knowledge. This
capacity will be tested in the classroom through an exposure of 15-20 minutes of a drug
chosen by the student (among the classes treated in classrooms) in which all the points
defined during the lessons must have been developed. The exhibition will then be the
subject of discussion between the teacher and the students.
4. Communication skills
Through the acquisition of knowledge and understanding, of the ability to apply them and
to propose a critical judgment on the topics dealt with, but also through the use of the
relative scientific language used by the teacher during the course and the frequent
stimulation to the communication of what was learned in lesson, the student will be able to
communicate with cognitive and linguistic-perceptive depth with his / her peers and / or
belonging to an inherent scientific and social community or of different cultural
background.
5. Learning skills
The student who has acquired the abilities described above may be able to undertake
future studies in a more autonomous, self-managed and rapid manner, but also to propose
thematic social and / or work contexts useful to the scientific progress of society in the field
of human health.

Educational objectives

The aim of
this course is to give detailed informations on dosage forms and in particular
will discuss problems about preparation and formulation of conventional dosage
forms referring to their
biotechnological applications.

Educational objectives

Acquisition
of manual, methodological and organizational skills aimed at the elaboration of technical-scientific issues.

Educational objectives

General objectives: Aim of the course is to provide students with the basis for the knowledge of the molecular and cellular etiopathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the alterations of homeostasis leading to pathological events and to the development and progression of diseases in humans, as well as of the reactive processes carried out by the organism to restore equilibrium. In particular, the fundamental aspects of general aetiology, congenital and genetic pathology, damage mechanisms, cellular adaptations and cell death, inflammation, reparative processes and oncology will be explored. The course also aims at explaining selected models, based or not based on lab animals, that are available for biomedical research progress in etiology, pathogenesis and therapy of diseases.
Specific objectives: At the end of the course the student will know the basic principles related to the etiology and pathogenesis of pathological processes and be able to use an appropriate scientific language; moreover, he must be able to use the acquired knowledge to recognize and classify, from the etiopathogenetic point of view, the main diseases of interest of his profession and identify appropriate experimental models for their study.

Bioethics
The course aims to provide students with the necessary historical and conceptual tools to understand the evolution of philosophical, sociological, political, and normative ideas that characterize discussions on ethical and cultural controversies surrounding basic research and applications of biomedical and agrifood biotechnology. Lectures will stimulate students to critically analyze the various bioethical arguments that confront each other in the public arena.

Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:

- Frame historically and epistemologically the role played by science in human progress;

- Orient with respect to ethical theories from which bioethics draws ideas and modes of argumentation;

- Trace the origins and evolution of bioethics, as well as the role of biotechnological advances in stimulating ethical debate.

- Understand the philosophical, psychological and anthropological background of different bioethical topics and the doctrine of informed consent.

- Identify the ethical principles common to most bioethical thought.

- Understand the structure of a bioethical argument and the political use of a bioethical argument to regulate research and the use of innovations

- Analyze the bioethical dimensions of the following controversial topics: agricultural and food GMOs; clinical and pharmaceutical applications of molecular genetics: genetic testing, biomaterial banks, patents and legislation, gene therapy; assisted reproductive technologies; stem cell research and regenerative medicine; misconduct of scientists, animal experimentation, neuroethics, and the ethics of science communication.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with the necessary historical and conceptual tools to understand the evolution of philosophical, sociological, political, and normative ideas that characterize discussions on ethical and cultural controversies surrounding basic research and applications of biomedical and agrifood biotechnology. Lectures will stimulate students to critically analyze the various bioethical arguments that confront each other in the public arena.

Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:

- Frame historically and epistemologically the role played by science in human progress;

- Orient with respect to ethical theories from which bioethics draws ideas and modes of argumentation;

- Trace the origins and evolution of bioethics, as well as the role of biotechnological advances in stimulating ethical debate.

- Understand the philosophical, psychological and anthropological background of different bioethical topics and the doctrine of informed consent.

- Identify the ethical principles common to most bioethical thought.

- Understand the structure of a bioethical argument and the political use of a bioethical argument to regulate research and the use of innovations

- Analyze the bioethical dimensions of the following controversial topics: agricultural and food GMOs; clinical and pharmaceutical applications of molecular genetics: genetic testing, biomaterial banks, patents and legislation, gene therapy; assisted reproductive technologies; stem cell research and regenerative medicine; misconduct of scientists, animal experimentation, neuroethics, and the ethics of science communication.

Educational objectives

General objectives: Aim of the course is to provide students with the basis for the knowledge of the molecular and cellular etiopathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the alterations of homeostasis leading to pathological events and to the development and progression of diseases in humans, as well as of the reactive processes carried out by the organism to restore equilibrium. In particular, the fundamental aspects of general aetiology, congenital and genetic pathology, damage mechanisms, cellular adaptations and cell death, inflammation, reparative processes and oncology will be explored. The course also aims at explaining selected models, based or not based on lab animals, that are available for biomedical research progress in etiology, pathogenesis and therapy of diseases.
Specific objectives: At the end of the course the student will know the basic principles related to the etiology and pathogenesis of pathological processes and be able to use an appropriate scientific language; moreover, he must be able to use the acquired knowledge to recognize and classify, from the etiopathogenetic point of view, the main diseases of interest of his profession and identify appropriate experimental models for their study.

Educational objectives

The final exams consists of writing, presenting and discussing a thesis, developed autonomously
by the students, which illustrates in a coherent and detailed manner the
problem tackled during the practical training and all the activities carried
out to develop its solution.