Clinical Engineering

Educational objectives

Aim of this module is the achievement, by the students, of the basic means of Mathematical Analysis related to the study of functions of one real variable and their use for the solution of problems in Applied Mathematics, and in particular of Physical and Engineering problems. Special emphasis is devoted to qualitative study and approximate solution of these problems, by virtue of asymptotical techniques, Taylor polynomials etc.
Successful students will be able to study the behavior of numerical sequences and series; to sketch the complete graph of a function of one variable; to develop the Taylor (or MacLaurin) polynomials of functions of one variable; to study the asymptotical behavior of a function when the independent variable approaches infinity or singularities or zeros; to solve optimization problems in one variable, on bounded and unbounded intervals; to solve definite, indefinite and improper integrals; to solve some kinds of ordinary differential equations, characterizing several Physics and Engineering problems.

Educational objectives

The course illustrates the basic principles of object-oriented programming with reference to the Python language.

Attention is paid both to the methodological aspects of software design and to the techniques of information representation and manipulation.
It also intends to provide the student with the knowledge of the technological tools to aid him in programming such as compilers, function libraries, debuggers, etc. For these reasons, the course includes numerous guided exercises to be performed at the computer.
At the end of the course the student will be able to design, implement and test programs of medium complexity in Python.

Educational objectives

The aim of this module is the achievement and the improvement by the students of the basic notions of algbra, geometry and calculus which have been studied during the highschool.

Educational objectives

Basics in linear algebra and geometry. Linear systems and their geometrical interpretation for 2 or 3 unknowns. Familiarity with rigorous reasoning, with numerical and symbolic calculus, with the analysis of problems using an optimal strategy. Familiarity with vectors and matrices, and with geometrical entities in 2 or 3 dimensions in connection with equations of degree 1 or 2. Understanding of linear applications and, in particular, of diagonalization. I expect constant learning as the course goes on; learning will be increased by tutorials and excercises. Little difficulties can be solved also by an email contact. Although the beginning may be difficult, mostly due to faults in the mathematical background, after the first impact one expects a neat improvement.

Educational objectives

The course of Physics I aims to introduce the student to the scientific method. In the first part of the course the student will become familiar with the fundamental principles of classical mechanics and the related physical quantities (force, work, energy); subsequently, he will become familiar with heat and temperature through the first and second laws of thermodynamics, i.e. with the general principles concerning energy conservation and time evolution of physical systems, respectively. Efforts will be made for addressing the student to the realization of models for the solution of physical problems analyzed also in terms of order of magnitude of the physical quantities involved.

Course objectives & learning outcomes.
1) Knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student will have to know the principles of classical mechanics and thermodynamics; he will have to master the concepts of force, energy, work, heat and temperature;
2) Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student will be able to apply the principles of classical mechanics and thermodynamics to set up the solution of physical problems of medium and low complexity;
3) Making judgements: the student will keep actively involved in lessons and in the solution of exercises through the act of asking question to stimulate critical thinking skills;
4) Communication skills: student’s thinking will be engaged and challenged by focusing on the various methods of problem solving and encouraging the student to supply reasoning for choosing the a specific method;
5) Learning skills: independent learning will be pursued encouraging students to self-monitor to check if the strategies they were using were effective for achieving learning goals

Educational objectives

THE COURSE OF CHEMISTRY HAS A VERY EDUCATIONAL IMPORTANCE FOR ANY FACULTY OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL ADDRESS. THE GENERAL OBJECTIVE IN THIS COURSE IS TO EXPLAIN THE ARGUMENTS OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY, BOTH IN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL ASPECTS, TOGETHER WITH THE FOUNDATIONS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. THE STUDENT WILL ACQUIRE THE ABILITY TO INTERCONNECT THE ARGUMENTS TREATING THE PHENOMENA RELATED TO THE BEHAVIOR OF THE MATERIALS DESCRIBED ALSO THROUGH THE PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS. A COLLECTIVE TRAINING WILL BE PROVIDED DURING THE COURSE THROUGH WHICH STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO DISCUS AMONG THEM RELATIVELY TO WHAT LEARNED UNTIL THAT MOMENT, DEVELOPING IN THIS WAY EVEN COMMUNICATION SKILLS.
THE STUDENT WILL BE MADE IN CONDITION OF UNDERSTANDING AND EVALUATING THE CHEMICAL, THERMODYNAMIC AND STRUCTURE ASPECTS OF THE MATERIALS RELATED TO THE SUCCESSIVE ACADEMIC COURSES.

THE PROGRAM CAN BE STRUCTURED PRINCIPALLY IN 4 MODULES BELOW ILLUSTRATED TOGETHER WITH THE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES FOR EVERYONE:
1) THE STRUCTURE OF THE MATTER
- ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMS AND PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS
- CHEMICAL BONDS - MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND GEOMETRIES
- SUBSTANCES AND STECHIOMETRIC-CALCULATIONS
- OXIDATION STATES OF ELEMENTS AND REDOX REACTIONS

THE STUDENT KNOWS AND UNDERSTANDS THE STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIALS, STARTING FROM THE ATOMS AND PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS AND CONSEQUENTLY HE CAN GIVE A PREDICTION ON WHICH TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND CAN BE FORMED BETWEEN TWO CHEMICAL SPECIES AND WHICH MECHANICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTY THE DERIVING COMPOSITE CAN HAVE. ACCORDINGLY, HE WILL BE ABLE TO PRODUCE, AUTONOMOUSLY, A CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES ON THE BASIS OF THE CHEMICAL BONDS AND THE PROPERTY CONNECTED TO THEM. THE STUDENT WILL ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE CONCEPTS OF STECHIOMETRIC RATIO THAT CHARACTERIZE THE MATTER AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS AND WILL BE ABLE TO BALANCE ANY CHEMICAL REACTION BY DETERMINING THE QUANTITIES OF THE PRODUCTS KNOWING ALSO THE NON-STECHIOMETRIC QUANTITIES OF THE REAGENTS. HE WILL BE ABLE TO LEARN THE NEXT PART OF THE PROGRAM AND ALL THE CONCEPTS POTENTIALLY PRESENT IN PROGRAMS OF SUBSEQUENT COURSES.
2) THERMODYNAMICS
- STATE OF MATTER AGGREGATION. 1ST AND 2ND PRINCIPLE OF THERMODYNAMICS. PHASE DIAGRAMS.
- CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM (VAN T'HOFF EQUATION).
- EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHASES OF NO CHEMICALLY REAGENT SUBSTANCES (CLAPEYRON EQUATION).

THE STUDENT KNOWS AND UNDERSTANDS THE THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED TO THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND THROUGH THE FIRST AND SECOND PRINCIPLE OF THERMODYNAMICS HE IS ABLE TO ANALYZE BOTH THE ENERGY EXCHANGES AND TRANSFORMATIONS RESPECTIVELY WITH THE ENVIRONMENT AND INSIDE THE SYSTEM. HE IS, AUTONOMOUSLY, ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE DIRECTION OF A TRANSFORMATION AND WHICH IS THE MAXIMUM USEFUL WORK EXTRACTABLE FROM ANY REACTIVE SYSTEM. THE STUDENT LEARNS HOW TO ANALYZE, AUTONOMOUSLY THE PHASE DIAGRAMS TO EXTRACT THE THERMODYNAMIC INFORMATION NEEDED TO INTERPRET THE SYSTEM. HE IS ABLE TO CALCULATE THE EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION OF A REACTIVE SYSTEM AND TO ANALYZE THE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHASES OF NON-REAGENT SUBSTANCES. HE IS ABLE TO LEARN THE NEXT PART OF THE COURSE AS EQUILIBRIUMS IN SOLUTION AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY, AS WELL AS ALL THE CONCEPTS RELATED TO THERMODYNAMICS PRESENT IN THE OTHER SUBSEQUENT COURSE PROGRAMS.
3) IONIC EQUILIBRIUM IN WATER SOLUTION
- SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF NON-ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTROLYTE SOLUTES
- ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS: SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY, EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY AND EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY LIMIT.
- ACID-BASE. SALTS.
- BUFFER SOLUTIONS.
- LOW SOLUBLE ELECTROLYTES: SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT.

THE STUDENT KNOWS AND UNDERSTANDS THE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF NON-ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS AS COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND ACID-BASE PROPERTIES. HE IS AUTONOMOUSLY ABLE TO REALIZE SOLUTION TITRATIONS, TO CALCULATE THE PH AND TO PRODUCE BUFFER SOLUTIONS TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT THE PH OF A REACTIVE AND NON-REACTIVE SYSTEM. IT IS ABLE TO STUDY AND ANALYZE HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. ALSO IN THIS CASE HE IS ABLE TO LEARN THE NEXT PART OF THE PROGRAM AND ALL THE CONCEPTS POTENTIALLY PRESENT IN PROGRAMS OF SUBSEQUENT OTHER COURSES.
4) ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS
- CONVERSION OF "CHEMICAL ENERGY" IN "ELECTRIC ENERGY" AND VICEVERSA BY ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES.
- NERNST EQUATION. - ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF A GALVANIC ELEMENT. -
- ELECTRODIC POTENTIAL AND ELECTRODIC STANDARD POTENTIAL OF A HALF-CELL.
- STANDARD REDOX POTENTIALS TABLE OF REDUCING COUPLE, OXIDING AND REDUCING POWER OF REDOX COUPLES.
- CHEMICAL KINETICS

THE STUDENT KNOWS AND UNDERSTANDS THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS AS PILES AND FUEL CELL OR ELECTROLYZERS CAPABLE OF CONVERTING CHEMICAL ENERGY IN ELECTRIC ENERGY OR VICE-VERSA. HE IS ABLE TO UNDERSTAND AND TO CONCEIVE ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS BY COUPLING HALF-CELLS BETWEEN THEM IN ORDER TO OBTAIN ENERGY FROM THE RESULTING SYSTEM. IN ADDITION KNOWING THE STANDARD POTENTIALS OF REDOX COUPLES HE IS ABLE TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER A REACTION THROUGH REAGENTS IS POSSIBLE OR NOT. HE KNOWS AND UNDERSTANDS THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL KINETICS. AT THE END OF THE COURSE, HE IS ABLE TO ANALYZE, IN GENERAL, ENERGY SYSTEMS FROM THERMODYNAMIC-KINETIC AND ENERGETIC POINT OF VIEW VALUATING STRENGTHS AND CRITICALITIES.

Educational objectives

The goals consist of a good knowledge of the terminology adopted in the context of Mathematical Analysis.

It is expected that the students will be familiar with the proof techniques, they will have a knowledge of the fundamentals about sequences and serie of functions, Taylor Series, Fourier Series, functions of n real variables, integrals in R^2, R^3, curve, line integrals. differential forms, vector fields, surfaces and integration, complex functions, holomorphy, integration in C, antiderivatives, analytic functions, zeroes and singularities. Laurent series, Laplace Transform.

Crucial achievements are the ability in applying theorems and concepts learned during the course, in developing strategies and methods to solve problems. It is expected to be able to share and communicate information about the topics of the course with a correct formal language, dominating the contents, computing integrals in R^2, R^3, along curves, in the complex plane, along surfaces; making estimates in term of series, detecting critical points of functions of n real variables, expanding regular functions in power series, and periodic ones in Fourier series, solving improper integrals by means of residues, compute Laplace transform and its inverse in basic cases.

It is important to detect the more effective and efficient method for problem solving, also in a way to apply the knowledge to different frameworks than the pure mathematical one.

The learners are expected also to be able to deepen the contents, consulting and using materials other than those offered during the course. It is important the adoption a scientific approach based on the formal evidence and rigorous proofs, devoted to clarify questions also in order to improve general understanding of phenomena.

Educational objectives

Acquire an in-depth knowledge of the forces between charges, of electromagnetic interactions, and formal field processing and their reciprocal induction. Study the electrical and magnetic nature of the matter. Knowledge of the electromagnetic nature of light and the basic treatment of physical optics

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is provide basic elements of applied thermodynamics, heat transfer, applied acoustics and lighting.
At the end of the course, students know basic elements of heat transfer and heat transfer systems, working principles of thermal machines, and control systems of thermo-hygrometric variables and lighting and acoustic quantities

Educational objectives

Course Objectives
The aim of the course is to provide students of the Clinical Engineering degree course with the fundamental knowledge relating to the study of movement caused by forces applied to the human body. The course will provide the theoretical and computational tools necessary to address the biomechanical modeling and analysis of a multi-link model of the human body.

Learning Outcomes
Each student will have to demonstrate that they know how to use the knowledge learned to be able to apply and resolve the fundamental principles of biomechanics, in particular modeling an anthropomorphic polyarticulated chain; analyze the state of equilibrium; kinematically analyze some of its parts and characterize the main inertial properties of the body segments. The learning ability is stimulated by a training course that alternates methodological principles, application examples and in-depth exercises.

Educational objectives

Course Objectives
The aim of the course is to provide students of the Clinical Engineering degree course with the fundamental knowledge relating to the study of movement caused by forces applied to the human body. The course will provide the theoretical and computational tools necessary to address the biomechanical modeling and analysis of a multi-link model of the human body.

Learning Outcomes
Each student will have to demonstrate that they know how to use the knowledge learned to be able to apply and resolve the fundamental principles of biomechanics, in particular modeling an anthropomorphic polyarticulated chain; analyze the state of equilibrium; kinematically analyze some of its parts and characterize the main inertial properties of the body segments. The learning ability is stimulated by a training course that alternates methodological principles, application examples and in-depth exercises.

Educational objectives

The teaching “Mechanics applied to Solids and Structures”, given at the 2nd year of the Bachelor Degree in Clinical Engineering, aims at learning the skills to analyze the mechanical behaviour of elastic beams with straight axis, to check the resistance of thin open sections subjected to axial and transverse eccentric forces, and to assess the state of global displacement, local strain and stress, for verification of functionality and durability. It is a preparatory course of "Strength of Biomaterials" for the Master Degree in Biomedical Engineering, where it finds its natural application to the mechanical behaviour of biological tissues and biomaterials, and of the main bone joints of the human body, and to the structural analysis of the prostheses that replace these joints.

Expected results of learning.
We expect that the candidate engineer acquires the skills to analyze the mechanical behaviour of elastic beams with straight axis, to check the resistance of thin open sections subjected to axial and transverse eccentric forces, and to assess the state of global displacement, local strain and stress, for verification of functionality and durability.

Educational objectives

This course explains the fundamental methods for the analysis of single and three phase circuits, the operating principle and operating characteristics of the main electrical machinery and criteria and design methods of lines for transmission and distribution of electricity. Particular emphasis is given to those aspects and applications of intersection with the normal activities of a clinical engineer.
After completing this course the student will have a basic preparation that will enable understanding of the phenomena associated with the generation, transmission and use of electricity and will be able to evaluate the performance of the main electrical machinery, in relation to specific needs and know the major problems associated with their use.

Educational objectives

By the end of the course, the student will have a clear understanding of the basic structural and functional organization of the human body at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. This knowledge will be applied in the field of clinical engineering, where the student will be able to relate the structural organization to its corresponding functions, from the perspective of the biomedical engineering profession.

Educational objectives

The course provides the basic tools for understanding and analysis of phenomena related to the motion and the fluid forces. Particular attention is given to applications in the hydraulic field

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide both the basic knowledge and the methodological tools to tackle the study of the fundamental applications of electromagnetism. The fundamental concepts of electrostatics and magnetostatics, already presented in physics courses, are taken up again to arrive at the presentation of Maxwell's equations in integral and differential form. Considerable emphasis is given to the study of the propagation of plane waves in free space and their reflection and refraction properties on a flat interface. Finally, the theory of electromagnetism is applied to the study of transmission lines and radiation in order to introduce the student to the principal problems of an electromagnetic application.
Specific objectives
• Knowledge and understanding: know and understand the fundamental equations and theorems of electromagnetism, free space plane waves and their reflection and refraction properties on a plane interface, the formalism of transmission lines, the fundamentals of radiation in free space.
• Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: knowing how to apply the theoretical knowledge acquired to solve simple numerical problems on the course topics.

Educational objectives

The Student can choose 12 credits, consistent with the curriculum; the aim, behind the specific aim of the chosen course, is to allow for in-depth study of topics of interest and/or to broaden knowledge of topics not directly addressed in the followed curriculum

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide a basic knowledge of an electronic system as system for data elaboration focusing on gain for the different types of amplifiers, on the physical behavior of bipolar transistors and on waveform generator circuits.
The course aims also to provide deeper knowledge of an electronic system focusing on feedback for the different types of amplifiers, on the physical behavior of mosfet transistors and on the limitations due to band width, power dissipation and noise for both analog and digital circuits.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide basic training for the students of the Degree Course in Clinical Engineering so that they are able to perform the static and time-varying measurements of the fundamental mechanical and thermal quantities.
The student must also know the elements of basic metrology, be able to independently choose the measuring device, know how to acquire the data and develop a critical sense about the quality of the measure that is reflected in the professional activity of the clinical engineer.
Lessons are integrated with both numerical and experimental exercises with the purpose of demonstrating the application of the topics discussed.

Educational objectives

The course deepens the problems concerning plan, execution, maintenance and management of the Hospital plants and technological systems.
At the end of the course, students know different plants and technological systems and the ways to design, inspect and manage them, focusing on the problem of safety

Educational objectives

EDSB1
The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical training in the main biomedical signal processing techniques.

In particular, topics related to:
1. estimation of the power density spectrum of biomedical signals
2. acquisition and processing of the main biosignals (electroencephalographic and electromyographic)

By the end of the course, the student will have acquired knowledge and skills regarding
1. the acquisition and processing chain of the main biomedical signals
2. the definition of the power density spectrum of a signal
3. the main techniques for estimating the power density spectrum and which parameters to set in order to maximise performance (accuracy, resolution)
4. the physiology behind the main biosignals (EEG, EMG, ECG)
5. acquisition techniques of the main biosignals (EEG, EMG, ECG)
6. signal analysis algorithms (in the time and frequency domain) to be applied to the main biosignals (EEG, EMG, ECG).

At the end of the course, the student will be able to use Matlab to:
1. represent a set of measurements and study their statistical properties
2. identify the parameters of a data model in the absence of noise
3. identify the parameters of a data model in the presence of noise
4. solve a discrete deconvolution problem in the absence and presence of noise
5. use a standardised model to simulate the glucose/insulin cycle in humans and its alterations (diabetes)

SDS
The course presents the mathematics used in the analysis and in the processing of information and signals. Attending the course, the student will develop a basic understanding of the deterministic signal theory (time and frequency description, for both continuous and discrete signals), of probability theory and of stochastic signals.

Educational objectives

The course presents the mathematics used in the analysis and in the processing of information and signals. Attending the course, the student will develop a basic understanding of the deterministic signal theory (time and frequency description, for both continuous and discrete signals), of probability theory and of stochastic signals.

Educational objectives

The final degree exam aims to delve deeper into an application problem faced during the course attended by the Student, under the supervision of a professor.
The work is presented to a commission, aiming to improve the communication skills of the students.

Educational objectives

EDSB1
The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical training in the main biomedical signal processing techniques.

In particular, topics related to:
1. estimation of the power density spectrum of biomedical signals
2. acquisition and processing of the main biosignals (electroencephalographic and electromyographic)

By the end of the course, the student will have acquired knowledge and skills regarding
1. the acquisition and processing chain of the main biomedical signals
2. the definition of the power density spectrum of a signal
3. the main techniques for estimating the power density spectrum and which parameters to set in order to maximise performance (accuracy, resolution)
4. the physiology behind the main biosignals (EEG, EMG, ECG)
5. acquisition techniques of the main biosignals (EEG, EMG, ECG)
6. signal analysis algorithms (in the time and frequency domain) to be applied to the main biosignals (EEG, EMG, ECG).

At the end of the course, the student will be able to use Matlab to:
1. represent a set of measurements and study their statistical properties
2. identify the parameters of a data model in the absence of noise
3. identify the parameters of a data model in the presence of noise
4. solve a discrete deconvolution problem in the absence and presence of noise
5. use a standardised model to simulate the glucose/insulin cycle in humans and its alterations (diabetes)

SDS
The course presents the mathematics used in the analysis and in the processing of information and signals. Attending the course, the student will develop a basic understanding of the deterministic signal theory (time and frequency description, for both continuous and discrete signals), of probability theory and of stochastic signals.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical training in the main biomedical signal processing techniques.

In particular, topics related to:
1. estimation of the power density spectrum of biomedical signals
2. acquisition and processing of the main biosignals (electroencephalographic and electromyographic)

By the end of the course, the student will have acquired knowledge and skills regarding
1. the acquisition and processing chain of the main biomedical signals
2. the definition of the power density spectrum of a signal
3. the main techniques for estimating the power density spectrum and which parameters to set in order to maximise performance (accuracy, resolution)
4. the physiology behind the main biosignals (EEG, EMG, ECG)
5. acquisition techniques of the main biosignals (EEG, EMG, ECG)
6. signal analysis algorithms (in the time and frequency domain) to be applied to the main biosignals (EEG, EMG, ECG).

At the end of the course, the student will be able to use Matlab to:
1. represent a set of measurements and study their statistical properties
2. identify the parameters of a data model in the absence of noise
3. identify the parameters of a data model in the presence of noise
4. solve a discrete deconvolution problem in the absence and presence of noise
5. use a standardised model to simulate the glucose/insulin cycle in humans and its alterations (diabetes)

Educational objectives

The aims of the course are the physical bases and design fundamentals of widespread use biomedical equipments . The course treats also an overview of past and actual technologies of the cited biomedical equipments.

Educational objectives

General objectives

The course focuses on the analysis and control of dynamic systems, with particular reference to linear time-invariant systems.

Specific objectives

Knowledge and understanding:
Students will learn the basic methods for the analysis and control of linear time-invariant systems. In particular, students will learn how to characterize a system to be controlled, from the point of view of structural characteristics, and which possible methods can be used for the design of controllers.

Apply knowledge and understanding:
Students will be able to design controllers that ensure the satisfaction of specifications concerning the stability, tracking and rejection of disturbances using frequency domain and eigenvalue assignment methodologies.

Critical and judgment skills:
The student will be able to choose the most suitable control methodology for a specific system based on the control specifications.

Communication skills:
The course activities allow the student to be able to communicate / share the main problems concerning time-invariant linear systems and the possible design choices for the control of such systems.

Learning ability:
The aim of the course is to make students aware on how to deal with analysis and control problems in the context of automatic controls.