Neurobiology | Course catalogue

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Curriculum(s) for 2024 - Neurobiology (28701)

Single curriculum

1st year

Lesson	Semester	CFU	Language
1022871 \| DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY	1st	6	ITA
Educational objectives The course is focused on the study of the nervous system development and the molecular mechanisms that control formation, regionalization and specification of the different neuronal and glial cell populations. The main aim of the course is to provide the basic knowledge regulating the nervous system development with a comparative view between invertebrates and vertebrates models and the main mechanisms controlling cell specification. The course requires good knowledge of cell and molecular biology and developmental biology. The course includes lessons and laboratory sessions, dedicated to the observation of embryos used for the analysis of early genes expression related to specific areas of the nervous system and histological sections of central and peripheral nervous system regions. At the end of the course, 2-3 seminars aim to discuss topics of significant scientific impact, as for example. the pathologies associated to alterations of the neurodevelopment (autism). Specific skills A) Knowledge and understanding - Knowledge of the steps of neurulation and of the specification of the presumptive neuro-ectodermal area - Knowledge and understanding of the various mechanisms regulating nervous system (NS) development with a comparative vision and understanding of the mechanisms controlling the formation of specialized cells (neurons and glia) - Knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms and the various pathways mediating NS development B) Applying knowledge and understanding -know how to use the appropriate terminology -be able to recognize the various phases that characterize the development of SN in invertebrates and vertebrates - to describe the molecular pathways and the role played during the NS development C)Autonomy of judgment - acquiring critical judgment skills, through the historical study of the developmental neurobiology studies and of the evolution of the different methodologies used starting from experimental embryology to the recent molecular biology - evaluation of the knowledge learned through self-assessment tests and through an exception test D) Communication skills -Describe what has been learned through the optional oral test using scientific language properties and knowing how to integrate, discuss and analyze in a critical way what has been learned E) Learning skills - learn the appropriate terminology - connect and integrate the acquired knowledge in a logical way - identify the most relevant topics and their potential applicability to current problems.
1034889 \| MECHANISMS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION	1st	6	ITA
Educational objectives General skills. At the end of the course and after passing the exam, the student will have acquired the knowledge and skills in the areas below. In general, the student will be able to: 1) mechanism of proteins conformational changes, 2) structure and function of signal pathways proteins, 3) explain regulation of proteins by post-tradutional modifications, 4) explain the principles and applications of the most common biochemical methodologies. On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student will have the ability to interpret and explain biological phenomena from a biochemical point of view, describing the molecular bases of life in terms of structures and chemical reactions. Students' critical and judgmental skills will be developed through excercise classes. Communication skills will also be exercised during the theoretical lessons, which include moments of open discussion. In the future, the student will be able to count on the knowledge and skills just described for the understanding of other disciplines and for the work in analysis and research laboratories. Specific skills. a) knowledge and ability to understand: Knowledge and understanding of the relationship between structure and function of the main classes of signal transduction proteins; understanding of mechanism of protein regulation; understanding of the principles and phenomena underlying the main biochemical methodologies; b) ability to apply knowledge and understanding: ability to interpret and explain biological phenomena from a biochemical point of view; ability to apply appropriate techniques to specific experimental problems; c) autonomy of judgment: be able to solve biochemical problems, also through a quantitative approach; be able to identify biological and biomedical phenomena that can be explained from a biochemical point of view; be able to select and evaluate the most appropriate techniques to solve a specific experimental problem; d) communication skills be able to illustrate and explain biochemical phenomena of signal transduction with appropriate terms and with logical rigor; - be able to describe how the main biochemical techniques work; e) learning ability acquisition of the fundamentals and cognitive tools to continue independently in the study of signal transduction pathways; - acquisition of the basic knowledge necessary to progress autonomously in other biological disciplines; - ability to learn quickly and apply biochemical techniques in laboratory working environments;
1038168 \| CELLULAR NEUROPHYSIOLOGY	1st	6	ITA
Educational objectives General skills The course in Cellular Neurophysiology studies the main physiological processes, on which the activity of the nervous system is based. Aim of the course is to guide students to a deep knowledge of the morpho-functional characteristics of neurons (the functional unit of the nervous system), through the progressive analysis of the biophysical characteristics of neuronal membranes and their passive and active electrical properties, the generation of nerve signals and their propagation, and the transmission of these signals along neural circuits created by the integration of several functional units. Basic knowledge in cell biology and physics are required, which should be acquired during the three former years of the bachelor degree. However, the Master school in Neurobiology is open to all scientific disciplines, which comply to the required requisites of admission, which however could have a different grades of basic knowledge. Therefore, part of the work is also dedicated at a deep revisiting of specific basic concepts, in order to take all students at a same level of basic knowledge and proceed with the same pace of learning. Great attention will be given to the teaching of experimental procedures and specific techniques, which allowed demonstrating major scientific topics part of the programme. For some of them, the course will benefit from the collaboration with external researchers, who will present their research work in the theoretical context. Aim of this course is also to start gaining a critic sense of evaluation of scientific data, through the study and presentation by the students of scientific papers related to topics object of the teaching program and published on high impact scientific journals (group work). Specific skills A) Knowledge and understanding - Knowing and understanding the biophysical characteristics of neuronal membranes - Knowing and understanding the physiology of neurons through the of their electrophysiological properties - Knowing and understanding the factors and mechanisms modulating neuronal activity - Knowing and understanding the propagation of nerve activity through neural circuits - Knowing and understanding the main techniques for studying cytology, histology and electrophysiology B) Applying knowledge and understanding - Be able to use the specific terminology and the correct scientific language - Be able to identify the right experimental procedures directed at studying specific aspects of neuronal physiology - Be able to evaluate the expression of neuronal activity through the reading of electrophysiological traces C) Making judgements - Acquire capability of critical judgment through the detailed analysis of fundamental experiments and scientific papers published on high impact scientific journals. - Learning by questioning D) Communication skills - To be able to communicate what has been learned during the written test (open questions), the eventual oral exam and the presentation of the group work (journal club) E) Learning skills - Learning the specific terminology - Be able to make logical connection between the acquired knowledge - Identify the most relevant topics
1021480 \| COMPARED NEUROANATOMY	1st	6	ITA
Educational objectives Obiettivi Formativi ENG General skills The course deals with the comparative neuroanatomy of vertebrates at the introductory level. The main goals are for learners: - understanding the fundamental organization of the nervous system in mammals, humans included, and non mammalian vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds). - understanding the diversity in brain organization as a result of the evolutionary changes in vertebrates Topics covered in the course will explain how the anatomy of the nervous system is related to the way that an animal functions in its world, both internal and external. These are preliminary topics for advanced courses taught in the second year, Animal psychology, Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology of memory. The course includes classroom lectures and learning laboratory sessions. During lab sessions, students observe histological preparations of the nervous system by the light microscope, learn how brain structures are spatially related by using 3D brain models and study brain images on atlas and relevant neuroanatomy websites. Specific skills A) Knowledge and understanding -knowing the basic nomenclature in neuroanatomy -knowing the general principles of the nervous system organization in vertebrates (receptor types, regional anatomy, major sensory and motor systems) -knowing and understanding the functional properties of the brain and spinal cord by studying afferent and efferent connections - understanding the relationship between structure and function in the nervous system -knowing similarities and variations in the organization of the vertebrate brain and understanding major evolutionary changes B) Applying knowledge and understanding - be able of using the basic nomenclature of the brain anatomy - be able of using atlas and learning resources on relevant websites - be able of identifying nervous tissue in the histological preparations of central and peripheral nervous system - be able to recognize the major parts of the vertebrate brain and their spatial relationships in three dimensional models C) Making judgements - integrate anatomical knowledge with other disciplines to understand the complexity of the nervous system - understanding the relationships between brain organization and cognitive abilities in vertebrate animals and humans D) Communication skills -be able of presenting a paper in the classroom that is focussing on a specific topic in comparative neuroanatomy E) Learning skills - be able of making the logical connections between the topics covered - be able of using different learning resources (texbooks, reports, scientific papers, web resources, atlas) for the autonomous study
1041449 \| MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY	1st	6	ITA
Educational objectives This teaching module is dealing with some molecular mechanisms recently identified that allow in the nervous system a different reading of the genetic information and that function as a bridge between genes and the environment. A) Knowledge and understanding to know the terminology used in molecular biology to know the micromolecules involved in the processes of neuronal gene expression control to understand the molecular mechanisms implicated in the generation of neural diversity and specificity to know mechanisms of gene expression regulation, with particular attention to the regulation induced by neuronal activation to know new generation techniques for the study of nucleic acids and their chemical modifications B) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding know how to use molecular biology terminology know how to evaluate the possible effects of epigenetic modifications and of the modulation of regulatory RNAs on gene expression know how to design molecules for potential applications for a better comprehension of mechanisms of neuronal regulation of gene expression and for therapy know how to design genetic models to understand normal and pathological processes
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING	1st	3	ITA
Educational objectives This teaching module is dealing with some molecular mechanisms recently identified that allow in the nervous system a different reading of the genetic information and that function as a bridge between genes and the environment. A) Knowledge and understanding to know the terminology used in molecular biology to know the micromolecules involved in the processes of neuronal gene expression control to understand the molecular mechanisms implicated in the generation of neural diversity and specificity to know mechanisms of gene expression regulation, with particular attention to the regulation induced by neuronal activation to know new generation techniques for the study of nucleic acids and their chemical modifications B) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding know how to use molecular biology terminology know how to evaluate the possible effects of epigenetic modifications and of the modulation of regulatory RNAs on gene expression know how to design molecules for potential applications for a better comprehension of mechanisms of neuronal regulation of gene expression and for therapy know how to design genetic models to understand normal and pathological processes
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING	1st	3	ITA
Educational objectives Specific skills A) Knowledge and understanding - knowing the basic nomenclature of Molecular Biology - knowing the importance of the various steps of gene regulation in driving the different neuron functions. B) Applying knowledge and understanding - be able of using the basic nomenclature of Molecular Biology - understanding how the regulation of gene expression is fundamental for the functioning of the brain - to analyze a scientific problem about the neuron functioning and to identify molecular techniques able to solve it C) Making judgements - integrate anatomical knowledge with the regulation of gene expression - understanding the relationships between molecular mechanisms on neuron cells to brain organization and cognitive abilities in vertebrate animals and humans D) Communication skills -be able of presenting a paper in the classroom that is focussing on a specific topic in Molecular Biology of Central Nervous System E) Learning skills - be able of making the logical connections between the topics covered - be able of using different learning resources (texbooks, reports, scientific papers, web resources, atlas) for the autonomous study
10592805 \| Psychobiology with elements of psychopharmacology	2nd	6	ENG
Educational objectives Learning objectives Psychobiology is a discipline that belongs to the life sciences and more particularly to neurosciences. In the field of psychobiology we consider how the relationships between brain and behavior have changed from an evolutionary and developmental point of view. The main objective of the course is to provide students with the basics to address the study and understanding the relationship between the nervous system and behavior, from reflexes to cortical functions. The student is guided to the understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of the nervous system and the strategies for regulating their functions. Particular attention will be devoted to the effects of the environment on the structure and nervous function. The course wil also deal with basic psychopharmacology and animal models of neurologiacal and psychiatric diseases. Knowledge and understanding The student: -Knows the neuroscientific terminology correctly; - Knows the neurobiological bases of behavior; - Knows the different levels of organization of the CNS from the spinal cord to the cortex; - Knows the excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of NS - Knows the basic techniques for the study of the nervous system, in vitro and in vivo Ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student: - knows how to correctly use neuroscientific terminology - knows how to evaluate the function of different nerve structures and their functional relationships; - knows how to evaluate the role of neurotransmitters in the various brain functions - is able to use the techniques for the study of the nervous system in order to explore its functions. Making judgements - is able to critically analyze scientific literature in the field of psychobiology Communication skills - ability to communicate effectively acquired knowledge to non-specialists - ability to communicate effectively acquired knowledge through a written report - ability to synthesize and communicate complex problems in the field of psychobiology Lifelong learning skills - the student should be able to understand, and evaluate research in the field of neuroscience and develop critical judgment
1047695 \| Neurophysiology of sensory perception	2nd	6	ITA
Educational objectives Aim of the course is to provide the students with general principles on the structure and function of sensory receptors, on the specific features of each sensory organ and on the integration mechanisms of sensory information at both the perypheral and central level. Knowledge and understanding The student: - Knows the terminology of the physiology of the nervous system; - Knows the cellular and molecular bases of biological systems and physiological processes; - Knows the mechanisms and the different levels of control of the physiology of neurons; - Knows the basic techniques for the study at the cellular and molecular level of cells and higher level structures of the nervous system. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student: - Knows how to correctly use the terminology specific to the study of the nervous system; - Will be able to orientate itself in the understanding and the design of experimental approaches to the study of neuronal functions; - is able to apply the knowledge on techniques for the study of the nervous system to design a laboratory experiment.
10592906 \| Methods in Behavioral Neuroscience	2nd	6	ITA
Educational objectives Learning objectives The topic of this course is the neurobiological study of animal behaviour in a laboratory setting. The main aim of the course is to provide students with advanced knowledge about current multidisciplinary methods for the study of animal behaviour and its biological basis, in normal conditions and in preclinical models of human pathologies. Specific attention will be paid to bioethical and legislative issues regarding the use of animal models in biomedical research. The course involves lectures, classroom/laboratory exercises and the participation to a collaborative group assignement. Knowledge and understanding - knowledge and understanding of the main preclinical animal models of human pathologies of the central nervous system - knowledge and understanding of the current methods for the study the biological basis of behaviour - knowledge and understanding of the rationale behind the use of animal models and related bioethical issues - knowledge and understanding of the main paradigms for the study of animal behaviour in a laboratory setting - knowledge and understanding of the advantages and limitations of the different methods used in behavioural neuroscience - knowledge and understanding of primary scientific literature in the behavioural neuroscience field Applying knowledge and understanding - ability to use the specific terminology of behavioral neuroscience - ability to interpret the research design in a behavioral neuroscience experiment - ability to identify, compare and evaluate the methodological approaches available for answering experimental questions in the behavioural neuroscience field Making judgements - ability to discuss critically a scientific research article in the behavioural neuroscience field Communication skills - ability to communicate effectively the acquired knowledge in writing - ability to communicate effectively the acquired knowledge orally Lifelong learning skills - upon completion of the course students should be able to understand and evaluate independently primary research literature in the behavioural neuroscience field - upon completion of the course students should be able to plan independently a simple experimental design to test hypotheses in behavioural neuroscience
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING

2nd year

Lesson	Semester	CFU	Language
Elective course	1st	6	ITA
Elective course	1st	6	ITA
AAF1041 \| Training	2nd	3	ITA
AAF1037 \| FINAL EXAM	2nd	39	ITA
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING

Optional groups

The student must acquire 6 CFU from the following exams

Lesson	Year	Semester	CFU	Language
1021489 \| NEUROSCIENCE OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS	1st	1st	6	ITA
Educational objectives Specific skills The course aims to make students able to describe the brain functions using group of single cells and neural circuits organized in systems as a reference scale. After a first part dedicated to the analysis of the tools and methods available, the course deals from the Neurophysiologist's point of view the relationships between behavior and the main controlled functions, such as Vision, Representation of space and objects, Decision, Attention, Movement, Learning, Memory, Sleep. A) Knowledge and understanding this course allows the student to acquire a specific knowledge of the relationships between behavior and functions of neuronal populations and neuronal circuits in the brain. Taking the course and passing the exam the student will become familiar with the normal functioning of the neural circuits and with the methods available, reaching the critical capacity sufficient to understand the limits and advantages of the methods commonly used both in the human subjects and in the animal models. B) Applying knowledge and understanding the knowledge on the functioning of the neural circuits in this course integrates the training that the student receives in the master's degree course in Neurobiology. Taking the course and passing the exam, the student will have acquired a series of fundamental knowledge for subsequent professional experience and a solid basis for post-graduate training, in particular in the field of research, whenever it is necessary to approach the relationship between neural activity and behavior and / or the analysis of complex data. C) Making judgments the course topics are discussed with reference to the most recent acquisitions of scientific literature, which uses various experimental models and strategies. Upon completion of the course the student will be able to critically analyze the validity and the limits of the studies that describe the relationships between behavior and neuronal circuits by putting new evidence in an integrative frame supported by multidisciplinary experimental evidence. D) Communication skills the continuous association to the progresses in scientific literature makes the student familiar with the communication style of the Systems Neuroscience. By the end of the course, the students will have thus enriched their presentation skills with the terminology and style typical of scientific communication. E) Learning skills Taking the course and passing the exam would imply that the student has learnt a number of approaches and methodologies to study in the field of Systems Neuroscience. These abilities are attained during traditional lessons that address and critically discuss each specific topic, in light of the most updated findings of studies reported by the scientific literature with an interdisciplinary approach.
1052232 \| Neuropharmacology of motivational processes	1st	1st	6	ENG
Educational objectives The main objective of this module is to proved an overview of the neuropharmacology of motivational processes. In particular, by the end of the module the students should be have acquired basic understanding of: • Theoretical models of motivation and reward • Neurobiological underpinnings of motivation and reward • Main addictive substances and their mechanisms of action • Clinical and biopsychological aspects of drug addiction
1038203 \| STEM CELL IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM	1st	2nd	6	ITA
Educational objectives The main aims of the course are: 1) Understanding the molecular and functional properties of nervous system stem cells 2) Presenting and discussing the main experimental methods for thei stem cell study both in vitro and in vivo. 3) Discussing stem cells properties in the context of neurobiological research (as a model for the study of developmental processes and mechanisms of disease) 4) Discussing stem cell properties in the context of pre-clinical and and clinical applications (the development of new therapeutic strategies for the enhancement of self-repair processes or cell replacement therapy). Knowledge and understanding The student knows: The functional properties of different stem cells types The intrinsic and extrinsic signals controlling stem cell maintenance and differentiation The procedures to dissect brain tissues containing stem cells and to establish stem cell lines The techniques to identify and isolate stem cells, both in vitro and in vivo The techniques to study the formation of neurons during development and in the adult brain The physiological and pathological role of adult neurogenesis The state of art in neurodegenerative disorder treatment through cell replacement strategies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student: Knows the terminology used in the field correctly. Knows properties and understands advantage and disadvantage of the different stem cell types available for specific purposes. The student acquires the capability to understand which cell types are appropriated to address biological questions relevant both in basic research and in pre clinical studies. Knows the theoretical principles of most of the advanced experimental procedures used to study stem cells in the nervous system and learns how to use them to address specific biological questions. At the end of the course the student acquires strong knowledge in the field, which will allow him to read articles in a critical way, and to design an experiment in the stem cell research field.
10592808 \| Neuropsychopharmacology	1st	2nd	6	ENG
Educational objectives The course has will discuss the different neural systems and classical pharmacological tool. The course will also address animal models of the main nervous and mental illnesses. Knowledge and undertanding The student: - knows correctly the terminology - knows the main neurotransmitter systems - knows the most common animal models of nervous and mental pathologies Ability to apply knowledge and comprehension - the student is able to correctly utilize psychopharmacology terminology - the student is able to utilize animal models of nervous systems pathologies - the student is able to utilize his knowledge to outline a psychopharmacology experiment.
10596044 \| Immunopathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases	2nd	2nd	6	ITA
Educational objectives General skills The aim of this course is to provide the student with a broad knowledge of the immunopathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. The course explores the functions of the effector cells of innate (phagocytes, antigen-presenting and natural killer cells) and adaptive immunity (T and B lymphocytes), the immune regulation of activity and functions of the central nervous system (CNS) resident cells and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and the pathogenetic role of both innate and adaptive immune cells in the induction and/or progression of demyelinating as well as neurodegenerative diseases. The course includes classroom teaching sessions, invited lectures and learning assessment activities through written exam simulation tests. Specific skills 1.Knowledge and understanding skills - Knowledge and understanding the role of cells of innate and adaptive immunity - Knowledge and understanding the immune regulation of CNS resident cells and blood-brain-barrier BBB - Knowledge and understanding the pathogenetic role of immune cells in the induction and/or progression of demyelinating as well as neurodegenerative diseases. 2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding - Be able to use the specific terminology of the discipline - Be able to identify the right procedures to solve related questions - Apply the knowledge of the specific topics covered in class 3. Making judgmental The student will learn to discuss and critically evaluate the progress achieved in the field of neuro-inflammation and to ask questions for elaborating and deepening the knowledge learned. 4. Ability to communicate what has been learned The student will be able to communicate what has been learned during the written exam 5. Ability to continue the study independently in the course of life The student will acquire knowledge and terminology specific to the field. This knowledge will allow the student to continue his / her study independently, even after the end of the course and passing the exam. Prerequisiti: ENG Although no prerequisites are required, the student must possess an adequate knowledge of immunology, cell biology and physiology is required.

The student must acquire 6 CFU from the following exams

Lesson	Year	Semester	CFU	Language
1052237 \| Biochemical methods applied to neurobiology	1st	2nd	6	ITA
Educational objectives Training objectives Provide the knowledge of the main biochemical methods for analysing of the properties of a protein from its isolation to its structural and functional characterization with particular focus on proteins involved in neurodegenerative processes. Objective module I Knowledge of the main biochemical methods for analysis of the structural and functional properties of proteins Objective module II Knowledge of the biochemical properties of specific proteins involved in neurodegenerative processes. A) knowledge and understanding The student: - Knows the main techniques necessary for the biochemical characterization of proteins; - Knows the main proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases B) ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student is able to: - understand and evaluate the impact of structural modifications of biological macromolecules on their biological function; - exploit the knowledge of biochemical techniques to investigate the role of proteins involved in neurodegeneration C) Making judgements - critical thinking through the study of biochemical methods and their application to structural and functional analysis of proteins - learning by questioning D) Communication skills The student is able to: -communicate what has been learned during the oral exam E) Learning skills - learning the specific terminology - be able to make the logical connections between the topics covered - be able to identify the most relevant topics
Mod.2	1st	2nd	3	ITA
Educational objectives General skills Provide the knowledge of the main biochemical methods for analysing of the properties of a protein from its isolation to its structural and functional characterization with particular focus on proteins involved in neurodegenerative processes. Skills module I Knowledge of the main biochemical methods for analysis of the structural and functional properties of proteins Skills module II Knowledge of the biochemical properties of specific proteins involved in neurodegenerative processes. Specific skills (common to both modules) A) knowledge and understanding The student: - Knows the main techniques necessary for the biochemical characterization of proteins; - Knows the main proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases B) ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student is able to: - understand and evaluate the impact of structural modifications of biological macromolecules on their biological function; - exploit the knowledge of biochemical techniques to investigate the role of proteins involved in neurodegeneration C) Making judgements - critical thinking through the study of biochemical methods and their application to structural and functional analysis of proteins - learning by questioning D) Communication skills The student is able to: -communicate what has been learned during the oral exam E) Learning skills - learning the specific terminology - be able to make the logical connections between the topics covered - be able to identify the most relevant topics
Mod.2	1st	2nd	3	ITA
Educational objectives General skills Provide the knowledge of the main biochemical methods for analysing of the properties of a protein from its isolation to its structural and functional characterization with particular focus on proteins involved in neurodegenerative processes. Skills module I Knowledge of the main biochemical methods for analysis of the structural and functional properties of proteins Skills module II Knowledge of the biochemical properties of specific proteins involved in neurodegenerative processes. Specific skills (common to both modules) A) knowledge and understanding The student: - Knows the main techniques necessary for the biochemical characterization of proteins; - Knows the main proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases B) ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student is able to: - understand and evaluate the impact of structural modifications of biological macromolecules on their biological function; - exploit the knowledge of biochemical techniques to investigate the role of proteins involved in neurodegeneration C) Making judgements - critical thinking through the study of biochemical methods and their application to structural and functional analysis of proteins - learning by questioning D) Communication skills The student is able to: -communicate what has been learned during the oral exam E) Learning skills - learning the specific terminology - be able to make the logical connections between the topics covered - be able to identify the most relevant topics
1055796 \| Molecular Neurobiology 1	1st	2nd	6	ITA
Educational objectives This teaching module is dealing with some molecular mechanisms recently identified that allow in the nervous system a different reading of the genetic information and that function as a bridge between genes and the environment. A) Knowledge and understanding to know the terminology used in molecular biology to know the micromolecules involved in the processes of neuronal gene expression control to understand the molecular mechanisms implicated in the generation of neural diversity and specificity to know mechanisms of gene expression regulation, with particular attention to the regulation induced by neuronal activation to know new generation techniques for the study of nucleic acids and their chemical modifications B) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding know how to use molecular biology terminology know how to evaluate the possible effects of epigenetic modifications and of the modulation of regulatory RNAs on gene expression know how to design molecules for potential applications for a better comprehension of mechanisms of neuronal regulation of gene expression and for therapy know how to design genetic models to understand normal and pathological processes
Mod.1	1st	2nd	3	ITA
Educational objectives This teaching module is dealing with some molecular mechanisms recently identified that allow in the nervous system a different reading of the genetic information and that function as a bridge between genes and the environment. A) Knowledge and understanding to know the terminology used in molecular biology to know the micromolecules involved in the processes of neuronal gene expression control to understand the molecular mechanisms implicated in the generation of neural diversity and specificity to know mechanisms of gene expression regulation, with particular attention to the regulation induced by neuronal activation to know new generation techniques for the study of nucleic acids and their chemical modifications B) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding know how to use molecular biology terminology know how to evaluate the possible effects of epigenetic modifications and of the modulation of regulatory RNAs on gene expression know how to design molecules for potential applications for a better comprehension of mechanisms of neuronal regulation of gene expression and for therapy know how to design genetic models to understand normal and pathological processes
Mod.2	1st	2nd	3	ITA
Educational objectives This teaching module I is about some recent aspects of epigenetic and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Notions about methodologies and molecular mechanisms will be provided. Recent examples will be discussed. Knowledge and understanding The student: - Knows the terminology of molecular biology correctly; - Knows the molecular bases of biological systems and processes; - Know the mechanisms and the different levels of control of gene expression, and their integration; -It knows the basic techniques for the study of nucleic acids Ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student: - knows how to correctly use molecular biology terminology; - will be able to orientate itself in the understanding and design of approaches to modulation of gene expression for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes; - is able to use the knowledge on techniques for the study of nucleic acids to design an experiment in research.
10592897 \| GENE THERAPY AND NEUROSCIENCE	2nd	1st	6	ITA
Educational objectives To discuss the new frontiers of the research in genetics and neurosciences, focusing on the current biomedical approaches. The course intends to focus on the up to date applications of molecular medicine, also promoting in the student a critical view on the results of current trials Knowledge and understanding Biomedicine and gene therapy vectors Applying knowledge and understanding Molecular medicine applied to neuroscience Making judgements Weaknesses and strengths of translational medicine Communication skills Team work for data discussion Lifelong learning skills Critical comprehension of scientific literature

The student must acquire 6 CFU from the following exams

Lesson	Year	Semester	CFU	Language
1055713 \| Neurobiology of memory	1st	2nd	6	ENG
Educational objectives Aim of the course is to provide an updated overview of the latest research investigatind brain mechanisms underlying some of the cutting-edge topics in learning and memory. The goal is for students to acquire knowledge about neurobiology of memory through selected topics and to develop critical skills when evaluating scientific literature. Knowledge and comprehension The student: - knows correctly the terminology - knows the main models of memory - knows the most common for the study of synaptic plasticity - knows the technique to study learning and memory - knows the main brain circuits involved in learning and memory Ability to apply knowledge and comprehension - the student is able to correctly terminology - the student is able to utilize animal models of learning and memory - the student is able to critically analyze a scientific paper and to develop an experimental project.
1051931 \| DATA ANALYSIS	1st	2nd	6	ENG
Educational objectives In-depth knowledge of methods for data taking and analysis of experimental results, mainly by laboratory experiments and lecture-hall practice. Exploitation of instruments, hardware and software tools. Application of advanced methods for statistical inference (parametric and non parametric methods, test of hypothesis) to actual data from current literature or experiments in the context of the specific master degree.
10592825 \| Developmental Psychobiology	1st	2nd	6	ITA
Educational objectives This course has two general teaching goals. The first one is to foster in students an advanced and up-to-date knowledge and understanding of the relationship between mind development and brain plasticity in the course of lifetime. The second is to foster in the student the ability to search, understand, report, and utilize information offered by scientific papers from the field of behavioral neurosciences. More specifically, a student that successfully passes final examination in Developmental Psychobiology has: 1. advanced knowledge of the processes and mechanisms of brain maturation from embryonal state to early adulthood [Knowledge and understanding]; 2. the ability to read up on and master current scientific research developments and have knowledge of current scientific developments within the field of Developmental Psychobiology [Knowledge and understanding]. 3. advanced knowledge of the translational value of specific findings from basic and preclinical research on dysfunctional brain plasticity and psychopathology as basis or opportunity for originality in developing and/or applying ideas in the clinical and research contexts [Knowledge and understanding; applying of knowledge and understanding]; 4. the skills to analyze and interpret psychobiological patterns and processes in both a qualitative and quantitative sense [Applying of knowledge and understanding]; 5. the analyzing, problem-solving and synthesizing abilities in order to deal with current scientific knowledge on how the interplay between brain maturation and experience shape cognitive and affec-tive development during early postnatal years, adolescence and early adulthood, and apply this knowledge in new and continuously changing practical situations, also in broader, multidisciplinary contexts [Applying knowledge and understanding];
1021490 \| ANIMAL AND COMPARED PSICOLOGY	1st	2nd	6	ITA
Educational objectives General goals. The course introduces to the theories, approaches and methods of experimental research on mental activity conducted on humans and animal models, highlighting the advantages and limitations of a comparative approach. The course consists of frontal activities in the classroom, with the presence of expert researchers for specific topics, and of laboratory activities for experimentation of methods used in psychobiological studies. The main topics covered during the course are: • History of ethology and comparative psychology • Phylogeny and ontogenesis in comparison • Development and validation of animal models • The mammalian brain: anatomy, neurotransmission and morphology • The study of animal behavior: parental care, attachment, adaptation, communication, social organization, altruism and cooperation, emotions, motivation, • Use of animal models in psychology and psychopathology • Gene x environment interaction approach to study the onset of psychopathologies • Techniques for the study of the behavioral, neurochemical and morphological phenotype in the small rodent The activities conducted in lab are: • Use of systems for the analysis of animal behavior • Use of systems for the analysis of ex-vivo (punch) and in-vivo (Microdialysis) neurotransmitters • Use of systems for brain tissue staining and morphology analysis (Neurolucida) • End-of-course lab meeting and presentation of the activities with final ppt Specific aims Knowledge and understanding: Advanced knowledge on emerging themes, on the translational value and on the limits of the preclinical research. Knowledge and understanding of principles, theoretical models and methods used in research conducted on animal behavior. Knowledge of the main measure methods and automatic recording of animal behavior in nature and in laboratory. Applying knowledge and understanding: Ability to use the knowledge to understand the contents of the scientific bibliography about human behavior and the use of animal models. Ability to apply an interdisciplinary vision in the study of new, different and interdisciplinary themes. Ability of experimental preclinical planning and research design about animal behavior. Making judgements: Ability to critically evaluate results obtained by preclinical experimentation. Ability to reflect on social and ethical responsibilities related to the application of preclinical research. Communication skills: Ability to produce written and oral report about scientific bibliography in competent and clear way. Learning skills: Ability to read critically and to understand a scientific article on animal behavior. Ability to autonomously pursue knowledge and skills on the topic.
10611803 \| PROGRAMMING AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR BIOLOGICAL DATA	1st	2nd	6	ENG
Educational objectives • Run Python programs • Store data in programs • Use built-in functions • Detect syntax errors occurring in programs • Read tabular data • Visualise and statistically analyse tabular data • Plot biological data • Create functions • Repeat actions with loops • Make choices • Determine where errors occurred • Manage errors and exceptions • Make programs readable • Use software that other people have written • Recognize various data formats to represent DNA/RNA sequence data • Independently write Python scripts to o Read in sequence data using Python or BioPython modules o Parse data files o Run external programs o Read input from the command line • Describe a wide range of machine learning techniques • Recognize what machine learning method is most applicable to given data analysis problems • Transform biological data for ML application. In particular, transform sequence data into a machine-readable format for input into a machine learning pipeline • Preprocess Biological Sequence Data for Natural Language Processing • Build a Random Forest model (RF) to classify a set of sequences
10598575 \| Nanotechnologies	2nd	1st	6	ENG
Educational objectives General Skills. The teaching course will be held with lectures and supplemented by thematic seminars coordinated by the teacher for highly specific topics. The course aims to develop the following skills: -Knowledge of the structure and function of the main classes of nanovectors, the limitation on the formulations and of the production of the nanovectors; -Knowledge the relationship between physical-chemical properties and applications of the nanocarrier; -Knowledge and understanding of the various methodologies to properly characterize the physical-chemical properties of the nanocarrier; -Knowledge and understanding of the various active substances used to functionalize nanocarrier surface to perform active and passive targeting; -Knowledge and understanding of the most appropriate nanocarrier to select on the basis of the nature of active loaded molecules and the field of application. Specific skills. a) knowledge and understanding - Knowledge and understanding of the relationship between structure and function of the main classes of nanocarriers and their physical-chemical properties; - knowledge of the main techniques for their characterization; - knowledge of the active compounds and their surface functionalization for the targeted delivery by using active or passive strategy; - knowledge of the limits depending on the biochemical structure of the active ingredient regarding to its field of application underlying the main properties influencing the choice of the nanocarrier; b) applying knowledge and understanding - ability to select and explain the proper formulation of the nanocarrier depending on the nature of the substance and its field of application; - ability to select appropriate techniques for nanocarrier characterization; c) making judgments - be able to solve delivery problems; - be able to identify biological and biomedical barriers related to the administration route or the field of application and therefore to select the most appropriate carrier; d) communication skills - be able to illustrate and explain the main nanocarriers with appropriate terms and with logical rigor; - be able to explain the main methodologies of characterization in general; - be able to describe targeting strategies and the field of application of the nanocarrier; e) learning skills - acquisition of the fundamentals and cognitive tools to continue independently in the study of nanotechnology; - acquisition of the basic knowledge necessary to progress autonomously in other biological and technological disciplines; - ability to learn quickly and apply nanobiotechnology techniques in various working environments.
Nanoparticle Applications	2nd	1st	3	ENG
Educational objectives General Skills. The teaching course will be held with lectures and supplemented by thematic seminars coordinated by the teacher for highly specific topics. The course aims to develop the following skills: -Knowledge of the structure and function of the main classes of nanovectors, the limitation on the formulations and of the production of the nanovectors; -Knowledge the relationship between physical-chemical properties and applications of the nanocarrier; -Knowledge and understanding of the various methodologies to properly characterize the physical-chemical properties of the nanocarrier; -Knowledge and understanding of the various active substances used to functionalize nanocarrier surface to perform active and passive targeting; -Knowledge and understanding of the most appropriate nanocarrier to select on the basis of the nature of active loaded molecules and the field of application. Specific skills. a) knowledge and understanding - Knowledge and understanding of the relationship between structure and function of the main classes of nanocarriers and their physical-chemical properties; - knowledge of the main techniques for their characterization; - knowledge of the active compounds and their surface functionalization for the targeted delivery by using active or passive strategy; - knowledge of the limits depending on the biochemical structure of the active ingredient regarding to its field of application underlying the main properties influencing the choice of the nanocarrier; b) applying knowledge and understanding - ability to select and explain the proper formulation of the nanocarrier depending on the nature of the substance and its field of application; - ability to select appropriate techniques for nanocarrier characterization; c) making judgments - be able to solve delivery problems; - be able to identify biological and biomedical barriers related to the administration route or the field of application and therefore to select the most appropriate carrier; d) communication skills - be able to illustrate and explain the main nanocarriers with appropriate terms and with logical rigor; - be able to explain the main methodologies of characterization in general; - be able to describe targeting strategies and the field of application of the nanocarrier; e) learning skills - acquisition of the fundamentals and cognitive tools to continue independently in the study of nanotechnology; - acquisition of the basic knowledge necessary to progress autonomously in other biological and technological disciplines; - ability to learn quickly and apply nanobiotechnology techniques in various working environments.
Drug Delivery and Targeting Strategies	2nd	1st	3	ENG
Educational objectives General Skills. The teaching course will be held with lectures and supplemented by thematic seminars coordinated by the teacher for highly specific topics. The course aims to develop the following skills: -Knowledge of the structure and function of the main classes of nanovectors, the limitation on the formulations and of the production of the nanovectors; -Knowledge the relationship between physical-chemical properties and applications of the nanocarrier; -Knowledge and understanding of the various methodologies to properly characterize the physical-chemical properties of the nanocarrier; -Knowledge and understanding of the various active substances used to functionalize nanocarrier surface to perform active and passive targeting; -Knowledge and understanding of the most appropriate nanocarrier to select on the basis of the nature of active loaded molecules and the field of application. Specific skills. a) knowledge and understanding - Knowledge and understanding of the relationship between structure and function of the main classes of nanocarriers and their physical-chemical properties; - knowledge of the main techniques for their characterization; - knowledge of the active compounds and their surface functionalization for the targeted delivery by using active or passive strategy; - knowledge of the limits depending on the biochemical structure of the active ingredient regarding to its field of application underlying the main properties influencing the choice of the nanocarrier; b) applying knowledge and understanding - ability to select and explain the proper formulation of the nanocarrier depending on the nature of the substance and its field of application; - ability to select appropriate techniques for nanocarrier characterization; c) making judgments - be able to solve delivery problems; - be able to identify biological and biomedical barriers related to the administration route or the field of application and therefore to select the most appropriate carrier; d) communication skills - be able to illustrate and explain the main nanocarriers with appropriate terms and with logical rigor; - be able to explain the main methodologies of characterization in general; - be able to describe targeting strategies and the field of application of the nanocarrier; e) learning skills - acquisition of the fundamentals and cognitive tools to continue independently in the study of nanotechnology; - acquisition of the basic knowledge necessary to progress autonomously in other biological and technological disciplines; - ability to learn quickly and apply nanobiotechnology techniques in various working environments.
10611946 \| COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE	2nd	1st	6	ITA
10611804 \| EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR:A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE	2nd	2nd	6	ENG
Educational objectives General skills Nonhuman primates – prosimians, monkeys and apes - represent the best animal models to trace back the evolutionary origins of human behavior and cognition. This course aims at exploring the current knowledge on multiple aspects of non-human and human primate behavior from a comparative perspective. Main aims of the course are: to familiarize students with primate models in behavioral and cognitive research; encourage students to understand the advantages and challenges of using nonhuman primates as animal models to investigate the evolutionary origins of human behavior; to promote the students’ understanding of human behavior and of its evolutionary origins in a comparative perspective, examining both the traits that are considered uniquely human and those that are shared with other primates. The students will acquire knowledge on the most recent research on the evolutionary origins of human behavior. The course will emphasize conceptual, methodological, empirical, and ethical aspects of research on nonhuman primates. Students will be encouraged to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of observational vs. experimental research, in captivity vs. in natural conditions. Students will be familiarized with the concepts of controllability of variables, replicability of findings, and ecological validity of results, and will be encouraged to discuss the scientific and ethical issues concerning research on nonhuman primates and to critically evaluate the scientific literature, in order to promote their capacity to formulate testable hypotheses and develop effective protocols for data collection and analysis. Some basic knowledge of psychology, psychobiology, and evolutionary biology is required. Specific skills A) Knowledge and understanding of the following topics concerning the Primate order: Use of primate models in behavioral and cognitive research; Taxonomy, distribution and ecology; The evolution of nervous system; Visual and tactile perception; Taste and olfactory perception; Methods and tools to study nonhuman primate behavioral and cognition; The evolution of primate social structures and mating systems; The neuroendocrinology of sexual behavior; The biology of reproduction; Parental care; Attachment theory; Social and cognitive development; Psychosocial stress; Hand skills, tool use and innovation; Attention and memory; Quantitative cognition; Decision-making; Individual and social learning; Self-recognition, theory of mind and empathy; The evolution of cooperation; The evolution of communication; The evolution of language; Ethical aspects of research on non-human primates. B) Applying knowledge and understanding - Be able to understand what the main experimental approaches are used to investigate the evolutionary origins of human behavior. - Be able to understand what the still open questions in the study of the evolutionary origins are of human behavior. - Be able to understand what the most effective experimental approaches are used to investigate the evolutionary origins of human behavior. - Be able to understand how the behavioral and cognitive research on nonhuman primates can contribute to the understanding of human behavior. C) Making judgements - To promote independent judgments through critical thinking, participate in debates on scientific and research issues, and critically evaluate the scientific literature. D) Communication skills - To be able to ask and answer questions properly, summarize materials covered in lectures and readings, orally present topics and research problems, clearly articulate and justify own research ideas and positions. E) Learning skills - To learn how to identify research questions, formulate hypotheses, and choose appropriate experimental procedures to test them. - To learn how to use proper concepts and terminology to investigate the evolutionary origins of human behavior. - To learn how to identify sources of information (journals, books, authors) in the fields of behavioral and cognitive research on nonhuman primates. - To learn how to evaluate human behavior and cognition in a comparative perspective, using non- human primate models.